Guidelines for Completing the Observations of Children Essay

You are required to submit a report on your observations (labeled observation report) of 2 young children. As discussed in class, the subjects of your observation should be one boy and one girl who are 3 and 4 years of age. The report should be presented in narrative format and include a description of the center in which the study took place. Included in the report should be a description of each student studied, and the notes on how well the children performed the milestones in the four categories of child development (language, physical-gross motor plus fine motor skills-, cognitive and psychosocial development). Under each category, you need to explain how the individual child performed the milestones by using the specified chart. The key to your description should be guided by the labels (acquired, emerging, and strategies for home/school). Write a conclusion for each of the summaries. In closing, provide a reflection (labeled reflection) on how this experience benefitted you as an educator who may one day work with young children. Consult your book and or an internet source to make recommendations for home/school. The due date for this report can be found in the course syllabus. Put the report in a folder and separate the work with tabs and dividers according to the age of the child. Place the completed grids found in the LAP-3 behind the report. Below please find an outline that can be used to assist in writing the report: Title – Observation Report First Section(all alone)—-Name plus description of the Center and selected personnel. TAB/Divider-Identity and description of the 3 year old. Please include background info about the family, if obtainable. In narrative format, present information categorically (labels from the end of the year assessment) labeled identifying the skills of the 3 year old, i.e. if it is  (1) language skills– acquired – why do you say it is acquired, (2) physical development–emerging-why do you say that it is emerging, (3) cognitive–strategies for home/school-why do you say that the child needs extra work and specifically what activities can be used to help him or her move into the acquired category, (4) psychosocial—acquired-why do you say it is acquired? Write a conclusion. TAB/Divider-Identity and description of the 4 year old. Please include background info about the family, if obtainable. In narrative format, present information categorically (labels from the end of the year assessment) labeled identifying the skills of the 4 year old. i.e. if it is (1) language skills– acquired – why do you say it is acquired, (2) physical development–emerging-why do you say that it is emerging, (3) cognitive–strategies for home/school-why do you say that the child needs extra work and specifically what activities can be used to help him or her move into the acquired category, (4) psychosocial—acquired-why do you say it is acquired? Write a conclusion. Reflection-How will this activity help me to become a good inservce teacher. The completed LAP-3 Grids (End of the Year Summary Sheets-2-one for the 3 and one for the 4 year old)

Developing An Inclusive Education System Education Essay

For the last few decennaries, there has been an addition in the figure of states which aimed at doing their instruction systems more inclusive. This purpose has been in the docket of both developed and developing states with fluctuations in their definitions of inclusion, policy devising schemes and school patterns. In add-on, experiences of these states in their attempt to develop inclusive instruction systems have faced peculiar challenges ( Ainscow, 2005 ) , with the instance being more terrible for developing states where it has been improbable to detect a important accomplishment in their test to develop inclusive instruction ( Eleweke and Rodda 2002 ; Mittler 2000 ) . Turkey, as a underdeveloped state, has committed to developing inclusion in schools for about two decennaries ( Eleweke and Rodda 2002 ; UNESCO 1994 ) . Since so, nevertheless, transmutation of The Turkish Education System to an inclusive 1 has been sing serious challenges although there have been several positive stairss taken towards bettering inclusive policy and pattern. This reappraisal is concerned with the procedure of Turkey in developing inclusive instruction while taking to lend to the limited literature which critically reviews Turkey ‘s place in this procedure. After the behavior of hunt is discussed, the procedure towards inclusive instruction will be reviewed under three wide footings: Definition of inclusion as reflected on policy and pattern, the passage procedure from instruction in particular schools to inclusion, and the current barriers against inclusive instruction.Behavior of SearchThis literature reappraisal is loosely concerned with the field of inclusive instruction and specifically explores Turkey ‘s place in developing inclusive instruction. Therefore, the hunt for this reappraisal was started with the scholarship of taking people in the field of inclusive instruction and was limited to literature about Turkey. The standard for utilizing the literature was convenience with the intent of reappraisal. In be aftering t his piece of literature reappraisal, several types of paperss were searched for through some cardinal footings and in some databases and web sites. Appendix 1 nowadayss a elaborate tabular array of the hunt footings used, web sites and databases searched, the figure of paperss reached in any twelvemonth and the figure of paperss used.Definition of InclusionRecently, an inclusive instruction system has been a common end in the docket of many states. However, there have been fluctuations in the manner inclusion was defined by these states ( Ainscow et al. 2006a ) . In many of the definitions, a often changing facet has been the mark population identified as capable to inclusion which brought about the inquiry of ‘who is inclusion for? ‘ Based on this inquiry, it has been possible to follow policies and patterns which have focused on pupils from the most vulnerable groups to all possible scholars ( Ainscow et al. 2006a ) . In 1994, ninety two authoritiess from different parts of the universe endorsed that schools would move in a model which would to the full include every scholar, no affair what characteristics the pupil possessed ( UNESCO, 1994 ) . These features could be diverse physical, rational, societal, emotional and lingual belongingss. Despite this model, nevertheless, it has been hard to follow a common apprehension and incorporate patterns based on the statement ( Ferguson, 2008 ) . For illustration, while the tendency in developed states, such as the UK and the USA is towards an apprehension of inclusion for all scholars, many developing states have based their policies and patterns on inclusion of handicapped pupils ( Gaad 2010 ; Slee 2010 ; Ferguson 2008 ) . Turkey, like many other developing states, has identified handicapped pupils as the most vulnerable groups in instruction and adopted an apprehension of inclusion which places handicapped pupils in mainstream schools ( Gaad 2010 ; Rakap and Kaczmarek 2009 ; Turkish Prime Ministry 2008 ) . As the first typology of conceptualisation of inclusion by Ainscow et Al. ( 2006b ) illustrates, Turkey ‘s definition of inclusion is similar with authoritiess and schools which have based their policies and patterns on the inclusion of handicapped kids. In 1997, the Particular Education Regulation ( No. 573 ) which was considered as the first ordinance towards inclusive instruction was enacted. Since so, all ordinances and Torahs in Turkey have referred to inclusion of handicapped kids into mainstream schools. As for the disablement classs identified, the groups subject to inclusion were defined as ocular, hearing and wellness damages, physical, mental, address and linguistic communication, larning and emotional and behavioral disablements ( Turkish Prime Ministry, 2008 ) . In the Particular Education Regulation of 1997, every bit good as other ordinances such as The Particular Education Services Regulation in 2006, several definitions were made by the ministry which founded the footing for the inclusion of handicapped kids ( Melekoglu et al. 2009 ) . One of the most radical statements was the consideration of particular instruction as portion of the regular instruction. With this in head, regular instruction categories were defined as least restrictive environments where instruction of handicapped kids should be encouraged. As a consequence of this, referral of handicapped kids every bit good as assignment of particular instruction instructors to regular instruction schools accelerated in the last 10 old ages ( Turkish Ministry of National Education, 2012 ) . Another point emphasized by the ordinances was the duty assigned to mainstream schools to be after and supply educational and support services to handicapped kids ( Melekoglu et al. 2009 ) . Each school was required to fix and implement an individualised instruction program for each kid. However, this subdivision which emphasized singularity of pupils was followed by another portion in the ordinance, which defined particular instruction services to be provided for separate classs of handicapped pupils, instead than stressing pupils with single and alone demands. This nature of the ordinance, hence, has created instruction programs which overlooked single demands and included standard aims and services for peculiar disablement groups. As a decision, analysis of policies in Turkey reveals the world that inclusion merely refers to the arrangement of handicapped kids in mainstream schools ( Gaad 2010 ; Turkish Ministry of National Education 2010 ; Turkish Prime Ministry 2008 ) . Slee ( 2010 ) claims that sing inclusion as the integrating of merely handicapped kids weakens the inclusive schooling advancement in the broader sense. However, although it seems to be a restriction to overlook the demand to include other kids from vulnerable groups ( e.g. scholars non needfully diagnosed with a disablement ) , the procedure can still be perceived as a measure taken to do schools more inclusive by go forthing behind the thought of categorising and puting handicapped kids in particular schools where they were antecedently seen as ‘others ‘ ( Gaad, 2010 ) . In add-on, the developmental degree of the educational systems and the world of handicapped pupils as one of the most unintegrated groups in hapless and developing states might take states to concentrate more on inclusive patterns for handicapped pupils. In this context, there is a demand for more policies, resources and betterment of powerful support systems to travel beyond the point of including merely the handicapped requires. In add-on, this procedure might necessitate more clip in states where inclusive instruction is still immature ( Gaad, 2010 ) .Passage from Education in Particular Schools to InclusionThe field of instruction, in the 20th century, underwent a substantial test to legalize the principle for particular instruction ( Armstrong, 2010 ) until new statute laws and patterns started to take an issue with old particular educational theories and patterns ( Thomas and Loxley 2001 ) . For the last few decennaries, there has been a surcease in the enlargement of particula r instruction schools non merely in wealthy but besides in hapless and developing states as many decision makers have started to turn to inclusion in authorities policies and school patterns ( Ainscow et al. 2006a ) . Turkey, as a underdeveloped state, has been in the procedure of the passage from instruction in particular schools to inclusion since its indorsement of the Salamanca Statement ( UNESCO, 1994 ) . Until a few old ages ago, the dominant tendency towards instruction of handicapped kids was based on segregating them in particular schools harmonizing to a categorization based on their disablements and supplying them with particular educational services. However, the Ministry of National Education has started to stress and back up the instruction of handicapped kids with their equals in regular schools. For a decennary, the accent and support for inclusion has invariably been told to schools and parents in order to include them into a system where the inclusive instruction and its cardinal rules are adopted and supported ( Melekoglu et al. 2009 ) . In Turkey, contemplations of the altering attitude towards inclusive instruction have been discernible on the policy of the Ministry of National Education. For illustration, the 37th article of The Particular Education Services Regulation ( 2006, p.3 ) states that â€Å" The Ministry of National Education is responsible for opening particular schools for handicapped pupils. However, the precedence should be given to the mainstream instruction of handicapped pupils together with their usually developing equals in regular schools. † This statement evidently underlines the altering attitude of the authorities favoring inclusion on policy paperss. There were two other marks of the altering position of the Ministry towards a more inclusive system. First, The Particular Education Services Regulation ( 2006 ) included a portion which explained the inclusion procedure to schools in item. The other mark was the book published by the Ministry and gave detailed information about inclusion to pull attending of the stakeholders ; viz. parents, instructors and decision makers ( Turkish Ministry of National Education, 2010 ) . Official statistics by the Ministry show that the figure of handicapped pupils in mainstream schools has significantly increased for the last 10 old ages ( Turkish Ministry of National Education, 2012 ) . This addition in measure is important compared to the figure a few old ages ago ( see Figure 1 ) . Despite this, about half of the handicapped kids are still placed in either particular instruction schools or particular instruction schoolrooms within mainstream schools ( Turkish Ministry of National Education, 2012 ) . Furthermore, the first option for arrangement of pupils with some type of disablements, such as ocular and hearing damages, is the particular instruction school, normally due to the deficiency of related staff in inclusive schools. Such a state of affairs creates an unconscious penchant for the inclusion of some type of disablements, such as mental deceleration, and ignorance of other disablement groups. Figure 1. Number of handicapped pupils in mainstream schoolrooms between the old ages 2000-2012 ( Beginning: Turkish Ministry of National Education, 2012 ) . Another point worth enquiry is the degree in which inclusion of handicapped pupils is taking topographic point. In Turkey, there are three degrees for inclusion among which there is a dramatic difference in footings of the figure of handicapped pupils ( see Table 1 ) . Harmonizing to recent statistics by the Ministry ( 2011 ) , addition at primary degree is assuring whereas inclusion of handicapped pupils at preschool and high school degrees is still non satisfactory with regard to measure. One of the grounds for this state of affairs was the mandatory educational period which was 8 old ages and did non include the preschool and high school periods. However, the most recent statute law by The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( 2012 ) increased the mandatory instruction period in a manner that it will include the preschool ( 3 to 5.5 old ages of age ) and high school. This is expected to diminish the dropout rate of the handicapped pupils and increase the figure of handicapped pupils in pre and high schools.Educational DegreeNumber of ClassroomsNumber of StudentsPreschool ( 3 to six 6 old ages age )288 588Primary ( Grades 1 to 8 )40810 84637High School ( Grades 9 to 12 )4573 7775Entire45671 93000 Table 1. Number of handicapped pupils in mainstream schoolrooms harmonizing to educational degrees in 2011 ( Beginning: Turkish Ministry of National Education, 2011 ) . To reason, contemplations of the passage to inclusive instruction in Turkey have been slightly discernible on the policy degree. However, promising progresss at the policy degree have seldom been accompanied by satisfactory execution ( Rakap and Kaczmarek 2010 ) in schools. Research findings have been systematically demoing that there have been jobs experienced in countries such as service proviso, course of study, inclusive school community and staff measure and competence. These jobs are discussed in the undermentioned chapter.Barriers against Inclusion in TurkeyThe world of inclusive instruction has been ruling the universe, with many states taking to develop their systems to a more inclusive construction and implement more inclusive patterns in schools ( Lindsay, 2007 ) . However, this world is non without its challenges and duties both for developed and developing states ( Ainscow, 2005 ) with the jobs being more serious for the latter ( Mittler, 2000 ) . In Turkey, like many other developing states, challenges and duties have been invariably experienced during the test to further inclusion in schools. In this test, three barriers have been identified and discussed in this chapter. These are negative attitudes towards inclusive instruction, jobs experienced in planning and supplying support services and deficiency of human resources ( Kuyumcu 2011 ; Polat 2010 ; Rakap and Kaczmarek 2010 ) .Negative AttitudesFor a few decennaries, research findings have shown that inclusive instruction produces positive consequences non merely for handicapped pupils who are placed in inclusive scenes but besides for their equals without disablements ( Lindsay 2007 ; Balderrama 1997 ; Staub and Peck 1994 ) . However, a considerable sum of this research besides underlines that it is improbable for educational systems to better their inclusiveness unless there are positive attitudes in professionals in schools ( Polat 2010 ; Antonak and Larrivee 1995 ) . Because professionals assume a important function in supplying educational services both for handicapped and non-disabled pupils. In a school, a welcoming inclusive clime in which professionals have positive attitudes towards diverseness and inclusion is necessary ( Booth and Ainscow 2002 ) . In Turkish schools, findings of research have shown that school professionals do non hold sufficiently positive attitudes towards inclusion of disables pupils. For illustration, Rakap and Kaczmarek ( 2010 ) investigated attitudes of general instruction instructors who work in public simple schools in Turkey and found important negative attitudes held by them. Similarly, school counselors in Turkey, harmonizing to Polat ( 2010 ) , have non still had stable positive attitudes towards the inclusion of handicapped pupils. Such research findings show that the current stance of Turkish schools in footings of positive inclusive attitudes has non created a satisfactory feeling.Insufficient Support Services and Non-Inclusive CurriculumThe literature on inclusive instruction in Turkey displays the troubles experienced by pupils, ins tructors, parents and decision makers. Harmonizing to the Educational Reform Initiative in Turkey ( 2011 ) , a basic job underlying these troubles is the deficiency of inclusive course of study and support services for handicapped pupils. In an environment where the figure of handicapped pupils come ining inclusive scenes is invariably increasing, schools have seldom been able to suit this addition in footings of their existing course of study. It is expected from a school to set up a course of study in which single demands of handicapped pupils are represented and met. However, the purely centralized and standard nature of the course of study in Turkey has made it hard to stand for the demands of handicapped pupils within the content of the course of study ( Sucuoglu and Kargin 2008 ) . In the Turkish Education System, the policy expects that an single instruction program ( IEP ) must be planned and implemented for each handicapped kid who is placed in a mainstream school ( Turkish Ministry of National Education, 1997 ) . In add-on, support services ( e.g. guidance, address therapy etc. ) should direct pupil demands. However, surveies show a contrary state of affairs with these outlooks. For illustration, a recent survey has shown that the procedure of service planning was carried out in merely 37 % per centum of the inclusive primary schools and merely five per cent of the schools had an IEP squad ( Kuyumcu, 2011 ) . In another survey conducted by the Educational Reform Initiative ( 2011 ) , 23 per centum of the instructors reported that they did non fix an IEP for the handicapped pupils in their categories whereas merely 44 per centum of the parents stated that an IEP was implemented for their handicapped kids. As a consequence, it is likely to detect pupils and p arents who perceive instruction as disused and to happen handicapped pupils who dropout mainstream schools after a piece.Lack of Human ResourcesAmong the success factors of inclusive pattern, sufficient human resource in footings of measure and quality is an of import component. Harmonizing to a recent survey ( Educational Reform Initiative, 2011 ) ; the advancement made by Turkish Educational System in footings of human resources in inclusive instruction is non satisfactory. To better advancement, it is inevitable to use more professionals, such as general instruction instructors, particular instruction instructors and school counselors, who can lend to the execution of inclusive pattern in schools ( Sucuoglu and Kargin 2008 ) . For illustration, it can be seen that the mean Numberss of pupils in primary and high schools served by a counselor are 1225 and 554, severally ( Turkish Ministry of National Education, 2012 ) . Equally far as such statistics are taken into history, deficie ncy of professional staff might be considered as an of import job. Teachers play a cardinal function in inclusion because they are the organizers of single demands and suppliers of educational and support services. Therefore, troubles experienced by instructors within schoolrooms exacerbate the success of inclusive patterns ( Sucuoglu, 2004 ) . For illustration, a job reported by instructors is the trouble in schoolroom direction. In Turkish mainstream schools, merely one general instruction instructor serves all pupils within one schoolroom and it might acquire more hard to pull off when handicapped pupils are placed in this category because it is reported that ( Educational Reform Initiative, 2011 ) pupil instructors at university do non have appropriate preparation to such conditions. In an inclusive instruction system in which all pupils are full members of a school, each pupil is assessed with regard to his or her single public presentation. However, instructors in Turkish schools have reported that they have troubles in measurement and measuring success of handicapped pupils in their schoolrooms ( Sucuoglu, 2004 ) . Equally far as unrealistic aim authorship and public presentation finding are taken into history, it might acquire more hard for instructors to measure public presentation against unrealistic standards.DecisionInclusive instruction is a procedure which includes several variables and stakeholders ( Idol, 2006 ) which invariably influence the inclusive instruction procedure because each of them carries out a critical function in determining the success of inclusion. Therefore, diminishing the spread between the inclusive policy and its execution, every bit good as heightening the advancement made by schools in their inclusive pattern, requires a holis tic position towards inclusion and its elements ( Educational Reform Initiative, 2011 ) . Particularly in developing states which are at the beginning of their inclusion journey, puting inclusive systems is possible by concentrating on each component of the system and their interrelatednesss. As an of import component of an instruction system, attitudes of school staff towards inclusion are of important importance for making an inclusive environment at school. It is known that these attitudes towards inclusive instruction and inclusion of handicapped kids might positively alter when stakeholders receive preparation at any degree of their professional life ( Sucuoglu, 2004 ) because professionals who feel unqualified about their accomplishments in footings of working in an inclusive scene might be loath in working with handicapped pupils ( Aydin and Sahin 2002 ) . Finally, the demand for a fluctuation in the proviso of support services and an inclusive course of study in mainstream schools of Turkey is high because more pupils with diverse backgrounds are come ining mainstream schools with single demands and diverse backgrounds. Both in the schoolroom and exterior, pupils require support, specific to their single demands. In supplying this support, cooperation with households and audience with co-workers and other professionals is known to lend to the development of more inclusive schools ( Booth and Ainscow 2002 ) . As for the course of study, the advancement made on the policy degree might be extended to the development of more inclusive course of study by The Ministry which develops centralized course of study and has schools follow them.ContemplationsTransporting out this literature reappraisal has made me face two worlds. The first 1 was the scope of necessary accomplishments which must be recruited during the procedure. Geting these acco mplishments entails advanced academic preparation every bit good as battle in lasting reading and authorship which are disputing. The 2nd world was the influence of the reappraisal procedure on my premises and larning. As it requires lasting reading, some of the premises which I had before get downing, needed either alteration or complete alteration. As a consequence of this, I encountered new cognition, new writers, new books and new manners of composing. Combined with the tips I gained during the class preparation, the procedure contributed to my assurance in critically analysing a piece of authorship and developing an statement about it.Word count excepting the figure and tabular array: 3296

Critical review of a journal article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical review of a journal article - Essay Example In this regard, ecologists, environmentalists, and even business organizations are now carrying out researches and studies to benefit from the available resources of the planet efficiently. In other words, environmental management has now become a notion of survival for the organizations and even states globally that are now focusing primarily on opportunities that may bring environmental benefits that will be an alternative warfare and most importantly, dominating tool to rule the world in coming years. This paper is a little attempt to discuss some of the aspects of environmental management while focusing mainly on a scholarly piece (MacLean, 2009) that will be the fundamental basis of this paper. Richard MacLean (2009) is the author of a significant article, â€Å"Entering the Fourth Environmental Wave† (MacLean, 2009) in which, author has done a remarkable job by defining and discussing specific issues of environmental management while providing some solutions and implications that seem practical and beneficial theoretically. In brief, the author (MacLean, 2009) began by defining that the world has been experiencing different periods of environmental alterations that occur in the form of waves. Presently, the world is confronting the fourth environmental wave that now requires business organizations to take a step forward in a strategic manner, in order to survive in this competitive era that will be involving huge efforts to acquire remaining natural resources globally. After indicating beginning of the fourth wave, author (MacLean, 2009) specified that in order to acquire material benefits, business organizations will have to start thinking out of the box rather than following cluster of similar perspective, such as trade associations, conferences, etc. Additionally, environmental managers must begin to focus on long-term vision rather than short-term goals that may result in revenues, but in a long run, it

Gender Differences Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender Differences - Assignment Example Also, identify if the research hypothesis is directional or non-directional? Provide support for your decision. 10. If a quantitative study is this an associational, causal-comparative, or experimental research design? If a qualitative study is this an ethnography or phenomenology. List several characteristics with specific evidence from the research article to support your response. 11. What was the target population being investigated in this study (The target population may not be addressed in the participant section, but is often determined from information in the introduction and literature review section)? 13. Locate the description of the sample in the research article. Compare the sample with the target population. Do you think the sample used in this study is likely to be representative of the target population? Can this study be generalized to the intended population? Explain your reasoning. The subjects were 147 undergraduate students of business administration, 80 women and 67 men, who were enrolled in a compulsory introductory computer course in a Norwegian college. The sample represents the target population. 16. For each of the instruments describe what evidence was provided on the instrument’s validity (content, construct, criterion). You may not find that evidence was provided for all types of validity. If no evidence was provided state so. 17. For each of the instruments describe what evidence was provided on the instrument’s reliability (test-retest, equivalent forms, equivalent forms/retest, internal consistency, scoring agreement). You may not find that evidence was provided or all types of reliability. If no evidence was provided state so. It was simply stated that Gressard and Loyd, the scale they developed was convenient, reliable and valid measure of computer attitudes. It could be confidently and effectively utilized in research and evaluations. Each instrument was valid and reliable. The

General psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

General psychology - Essay Example However, if this stage is not successfully resolved the adolescent will continue to feel lost and unguided during adulthood. In contrast Marcia expanding on Erikson's theory of psychosocial development adding new stages that he believed adolescents chronologically progress through. Erikson believed that adolescents are heavily influenced by their peers and role models. These influences may hinder the development of the self. Marcia expanded Erikson's theory on psychosocial development. Marcia believed that adolescents experienced four identity statuses. Moreover Marcia believed that adolescents can be divided into categories of the egos identity statuses based upon their experiences. In contrast to Erikson Marcia believed that adolescents face another stage of identity development based upon their chronological development. This stage can be determined if the adolescent has experienced a crisis and formed a commitment. Adolescents that have achieved a crisis and formed a commitment are considered to have achieved an identity. Adolescents that do not perceive social norms and rules established by parents, teachers or other authority figures are deemed in the foreclosure stage.

Focuses on the process, progress, and prediction of your legislation Case Study

Focuses on the process, progress, and prediction of your legislation - Case Study Example The bill was introduced into the House on November 10, 2015, getting twenty-five percent progressions. Subsequently the bill was referred to the higher education committee on January 26, 2015. On March, the bill was introduced to the floor of the house before going back to the Senate Higher Education Committee. By June, prior to the house going for recess, most of the pieces of the bill had successfully been voted through awaiting their implementation on September first, 2015. An example of the pieces of bills that passed includes the SB 453 concerning the minimum scores needed for public schools students to get credit through an evaluation set through university-level evaluation programs. Others such as HB 1160 that relate to particular information reported to the Texas Higher Education Organizing Board by organizations of higher education for the objective of observance checking did get the majority vote (Texas Legislative Council). The supporter of education bills such as the influential k-12 advocacy group and the Texans for Education Reform were not delighted because of the delayed passage of the bill (Bilika 56). The supporter argument concerning the reforms in public schools was that accountability systems would make an institution performance simpler to comprehend and that it would aid more guardians to become involved in their childrens learning. It would also permit the state to target failing schools efficiently. Critics of the bill on the mother hand claimed that offering an institution a low grade would unfairly stigmatize the school and its learners. They also argued that improved grades would not take into explanation issue such as funding difficulties. I am of the opinion that the education bill is significant to bring transformations to the education sector in Texas. Thus, I support the bill because it will enable all persons in the Texas state to get access to higher education due to the act of

Hyper-personal model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hyper-personal model - Essay Example Receivers- CMC messages are likely to be exaggerated because of the lack of face-to-face indicators, giving receivers to fill in the missing blanks. Receivers in this case, will most likely idealize from the initial clues by the sender and if they are favorable, then the receiver dynamics will be tuned to favorably respond. The Hyper-personal model suggests that such initial impression are likely to be activated by pre-existing stereotypes inherent in the communicators like the partners’ resemblance, however vague, of someone previously encountered. Senders- In text based CMC selective representation of self is aided and one usually pass on indicators that they would want the receiver to have. So even in the absence of physical traits, individuals involved in CMC will construct messages that portray them in good light with emphasis on desirable traits and because of lack of physical interaction like eye contact, their conveyed traits will invite preferential reactions. The selective choice on what message to transmit coupled with the comfort create by the virtual world, makes it easy to develop intimacy by the disclosure of personal issues that fuels connection in CMC. The speed of explicit disclosure in CMC is much faster than that of face-to face interactions. Other than these disclosures, senders in CMC represent themselves in line with contents presented by their communication partners. This influences their choice of words and expression of likeness, in essence pre-determining their topical areas of concurrence and disagre ements. Channel - Under this dimension of hyper-personal model, the CMC medium shapes the deliberate construction of online messages by the mechanics of the CMC interface and the ability to edit these messages before they are sent. Users of CMC focus more on the construction aspect of their messages that they would on face-to-face conversations. Prior knowledge of the

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Criminal Justice - Essay Example Recent studies have revealed however, that the law did not only fail to meet its purposes but it has, at times, became a tool of injustice. The idea of a Three Strikes Law became compelling in the early 1990s because of the proliferation of serious crimes and several widely publicized cases. The cases of Polly Klass, a 23-year old girl, who was abducted and murdered in California and Diane Ballasiotes, a Washington resident who was raped and murdered served as catalysts to the adoption of the law. In both cases, the culprits were parolees. Thus, in 1993, Washington adopted the Three-Strikes Law and a year later California passed and ratified theirs. The fundamental feature of this law is that it increases the penalty of convicted offenders on their third conviction (Samaha 2005 p. 376). To date, thirty-six states, in addition to the earlier two, have three-strike laws (Other States 2002). In 2002, the Justice Policy Institute conducted a research on the impact of the law. The study which covers the period from 1993-2002 shows that California had imposed the law four times the number of those of the other striking states, combined. Yet, as shown on Table 1, there is not much significance in the change of crime rates between striking and non-striking states (Schiraldi et al pp 9, 13-16). The study also compared the crime rate decline in California and the state of New York, a non-striking state, in the same given period. Surprisingly, New York outperformed California both in Index Crime Rate and Violent Crime Rate decline, as shown in Table 2 (Schiraldi p 10). The Criminal Defense Clinic of the Stanford Law School recently reviewed cases of incarcerated offenders under California’s Three Strikes Law (Three Strikes Sanity 2009). To date, four offenders have been freed after judges were persuaded to take a second look at their cases. Most of these convicts had prior convictions in drug and theft, as well

Financial report analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words - 1

Financial report analysis - Essay Example The public limited company is traded at Australian Securities Exchange. Billabong International Limiteds core business is the marketing, distribution, wholesaling and retailing of apparel, accessories, eyewear, wetsuits and hardgoods in the boardsports sector under the Billabong, Element, Von Zipper, Honolua Surf Company, Kustom, Palmers Surf, Nixon, Xcel, Tigerlily, Sector 9, DaKine and RVCA brands. Major competitiors for the firm include Addidas, Nike, Puma and Ripcurl. The company has approximately 6000 staff worldwide and its shares are publicly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Billabong Internationals products are licensed and distributed in over 100 countries (in approximately 11,000 doors), of which the major revenue sources are through wholly-owned operations in Australia, North America, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa and Brazil. The products are distributed through specialised boardsports retailers and through the Companys own branded retail outlets. T he Companys brands are marketed and promoted internationally through its association with high profile professional athletes, junior athletes and events. Billabong is Australia’s largest surfwear manufacturer with product categories spanning into Garments, Accessories, Collections and Wetsuits; and is country’s largest. In 2010, as a result of international and regional economic crisis, foreign currency fluctuations, increased competition (growth of vertical private label brands) and supply chain pricing pressure.

Discuss the role of the motor cortex in movement. 1500 Words Essay

Discuss the role of the motor cortex in movement. 1500 Words - Essay Example The motor cortex plans voluntary actions – it helps in initiating, planning, controlling and maintaining voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, coordinates sequences of movements and relay commands to the appropriate sets of lower motor neurons to execute the desired actions. Diseases or traumas on this part of the brain have adverse effects on the patient. Presently, such diseases include Apraxia, which causes an inability to initiate purposeful learned movement in response to external commands despite the ability and desire to perform the movement, and Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease – characterized by loss of the ability to initiate movement or stop it once initiated plus the occurrence of uncontrollable movement. Modern man, Homo sapiens, has an average cranial capacity of 1350cc far more than all his other earlier ancestors. This increased cranial capacity is credited for his higher intellectual ability over other animals and primates. The brain serves many functions in the body, from thought to emotions, waking and sleeping, respiration, memory, controlling actions just to mention but a few and can thus be considered as the central control for the whole body. Like all other living things, man also moves around in search for food, flight from danger or for pleasure. Movement is a function of muscular flexion and extension all which are under the control of the brain – except for reflexive movements, which are controlled by the spinal cord and mainly help maintain posture and balance without involving the conscious mind. The brain is divided into six main parts; the cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and the brain stem – mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata, each of which has its different functions (Marieb, 2000). The cerebellum contains a region known as the motor cortex in the precentral gyrus that helps in initiating, planning and controlling voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. The motor cortex is further

Social survey Essay Example for Free

Social survey Essay Diabetes is the seventh major cause of death in the United States of America. Diabetes is a condition that arises from the inability of the body to produce insulin or to utilize it appropriately. Insulin is a hormone that is responsible for converting blood glucose into a more body friendly form called glycogen. When the body’s ability to convert glucose to glycogen is compromised there is an increase in the blood glucose levels. This is detrimental to the health of an individual because, it causes extensive damage to the blood capillaries resulting to a myriad of other diseases. These include blindness, kidney diseases, amputation of the limbs especially the lower extremities and heart diseases (Aubert, 1995). In 2008, CDC announced that more than 23 million individuals who live in the US have been diagnosed with diabetes. This depicts a three million increase over a period of two years. In addition to this, more than fifty seven million Americans have pre diabetes. More than five million people in the United States have diabetes and they do not know it. This means that doctors often diagnose it when it is too late. This results to the large number of deaths that arise from it (Joslin, 2008). The prevalence of diabetes among minority populations is even higher due to the social inequalities they experience when it comes to medical care. Genetical make up has also been associated with diabetes (Cheta, 1999). African Americans have a 60% higher chance when compared to Caucasians while Hispanics are the most predisposed with more than 90% increased chance. On average, Hispanics have twice the risk of developing diabetes as compared to the white population. Native Americans and Alaskan Natives living in America had extremely alarming rates with more than 16% of the entire population suffering from diabetes. These rates are also evident in children especially teenagers. Researchers identified that in the children they assessed form 1990 to 1995; more than 30% had pre diabetes. This is mainly due to the changes in lifestyle with most American children living sedentary lives with little or no physical exercise. There is a very high correlation between obesity, diabetes, coronary diseases and hypertension among all the ages in the American population. All effort must be therefore geared towards campaigns that will inform and create awareness among the American population especially the young so that there can be a lifestyle revolution to uproot these diseases from the society (Krasnegor, 1990). There is an increase in the efforts of the government and the health practitioners to reduce these rates especially among the younger generation. The best approach is to create awareness to the population regarding diabetes and create collective responsibility that will hopefully result to behavior change. In addition to this the government has been putting a lot of effort to impart knowledge among the citizens on the best methods of managing diabetes (Betteridge, 2000). This study will assess the information that the youth have regarding the causes and prevention of diabetes. Statement of the Problem According to the CDC results, diabetes rates have continued to soar over the last two years. There is an increased incidence at the rate of diabetes in children. Majority of the children in America have pre diabetes, a condition that largely predisposes them to diabetes. Regardless of the race and the social status diabetes, needs to be addressed by everyone. This social survey is therefore very timely as it seeks to find out how much information the youth have regarding to preventing and managing diabetes and how much of these strategies they are implementing on their day to day activities. In order to bring these high rates of diabetes down, it is important to assess the lifestyle of the teenage population and how much information they have regarding the control and the management of diabetes. From these findings the government can prescribe the most effective way of addressing the situation. Objectives of the study †¢ To assess how much information the American teenagers have regarding diabetes. †¢ To determine whether the youth are actively participating in fighting diabetes. †¢ To compare the information that teenagers from different races have. †¢ To determine how much teenagers are emulating from their parents in regard to exercise and diet Research questions How many American teenagers know about the relationship between obesity, coronary diseases, hypertension and diabetes? How many Americans teenagers have been diagnosed with diabetes? Are American teenagers aware of the causes of diabetes? Who American teenagers think as the most likely age group to have diabetes? How much correct information do American teenagers have concerning diabetes? Are American teenagers doing anything to prevent diabetes? 23 million individuals who live in the US have been diagnosed with diabetes. This depicts a three million increase over a period of two years. In addition to this, more than fifty seven million Americans have pre diabetes. More than five million people in the United States have diabetes and they do not know it. This means that doctors often diagnose it when it is too late. This results to the large number of deaths that arise from it (AMA, 2007). Minority populations have experienced majority of these increases. Mexican populations that reside in the United States researchers have reported a sharp increase in child hood diabetes. Researchers have long blamed genetic make up for this predisposition although a recent study indicated that the high blood pressure rates in African Americans are not reflected in West Africa where they originated from. This means that lifestyle is mainly to blame for the predisposition. Obesity is similarly higher in the Hispanic and African American populations. It is the major factor that is triggering the high rates of diabetes and high blood pressure. Research has indicated that the rates of obesity are rapidly increasing among young children and adolescents. African Americans Caucasians and Hispanics teenagers are the most predisposed to diabetes. On average, Hispanics have twice the risk of developing diabetes as compared to the white population. Native Americans and Alaskan Natives living in have also experienced high diabetes rates among their children. This can be attributed to changes in lifestyle with most American children living sedentary lives with little or no physical exercise (Zaidi, 2007). In a study conducted in the late 1990s researchers observed that more than 20% of white girls were overweight. The percentages were even higher in the African-American and Hispanic groups with the black community soaring highest at 31%. These children had high serum cholesterol levels, were hypertensive and had type 2 diabetes at the early stages. What this translates to is that the younger generation will most likely be predominantly obese. As a result, they are more prone to more cardiovascular diseases. These results suggested that children are becoming diabetic at earlier ages (Finucane, 2008). The changes in lifestyle have led most households to live sedentary lives. The predisposition to diabetes is primarily as a result of poor exercise and high caloric intake. A study on the lifestyle trends of the Hispanic population concluded that of the population that was interviewed more than three quarters participated in inadequate or no physical recreational activity. There is also the tendency for children to learn from emulating role models. In the life of a child the role models are usually the family members. A child who comes from a home or a society where exercise is undermined and rarely done will likely also develop a passive lifestyle that will be carried over to adult life (Moran, 2004) There is familial incidence of diabetes. This means that children of diabetic parents are more likely to suffer from diabetes than those form non diabetic patients. From the CDC statistics of 2008, researchers concluded that a quarter of the population above sixty years had diabetes (Colwell, 2003). Gestational diabetes which is prevalent in pregnant women has also been associated with the vulnerable races. In addition, a more determining factor to this is obesity with more overweight pregnant women getting it during pregnancy. Since we all learn from emulating the society, there is need to advocate for collective responsibility so as to eradicate these preventable diseases. By targeting the teenagers as the most influential and vulnerable generation the government can ensure that the future population is making better health conscious decisions. Mode of data collection I will conduct a cross sectional survey research. I will use questionnaires in particular will use face to face interviews. Face to face interviews are effective since they will allow me to use open ended questions. They will also allow the interpretation of complex issues depending on the age of the respondent. They have also been proved to be more effective than other modes since they encourage a more participation and the interviewee learns more. They also encourage the use of visual aids in the interviews (Fowler, 1995). Self completion actively involves the respondent and motivates them to complete as opposed to the other modes. Questionnaires allow the researcher to use longer survey instruments making the research more intensive than the other types of data collection. Respondents have shown a better liking to in person interviews and are more likely to cooperate and answer honestly (Czaja Blair, 2005). However, they are more expensive and prohibit large studies. They are also time consuming taking up a lot of time for data collection. Due to variance altering due to the design effect they require follow ups which are also expensive and time consuming. They also require personnel who are familiar with the locality under study (Czaja Blair, 2005). Because this study involves teenagers as the respondents, face to face interviews would be better so that their cooperation is increased. Sample frame My target population is American teenagers between the age of thirteen and eighteen. This is too large so I will use a smaller working population by restricting the study to one state and in particular one county. After seeking appropriate permission I will use administrative records from the local high schools to create a database of the available population. To remove bias, random numbers will be assigned to each potential respondent and from these numbers random sampling will be done (Hakim, 1987). Since this is a survey research I intend to collect information from respondents themselves. Due to the financial constraints and logistics, I will target on a smaller sample size of one thousand high school students. They will include both female and male teenagers from all the representative American communities. Sampling technique My study population is American teenagers between the age of thirteen and eighteen. This is the most appropriate age because they are making changes and choices for themselves. They are under less parental control. This is a crucial age and most pre diabetic children will be diagnosed at this stage. I intend to use a simple random sample of teenagers between the age of thirteen and nineteen attending local high schools. Random sampling has the benefit of removing bias. It is simple to design and execute and is applicable to any population. Errors of either type one or type two, occur in research. However random sampling allows the easy estimation of these errors and allows the researcher to collect unbiased information. However random sampling is cumbersome for large estimates and highly inconvenient when large populations are being studied (Czaja Blair, 2005). Ethical issues Since my study will involve underage children I will have to seek consent from the guardians and the relevant authorities. As with all studies that involve human beings I will have to ensure that before collection of data, permission will be sought from the respective guardians and the schools so as to obtain information regarding the teenagers. Information regarding the purpose of the study will be frankly explained to both the guardian and the teenager (Punch, 1999). In addition the teenagers’ permission will be crucial and will be sought before the interview. Only with the consent of all involved parties will data collection take place (Vaus, 2002). The study has considered the impact of the research to the teenagers on a later date as a result all the expendable personal information has been removed from the questionnaires. This has removed the risk of exposing the child to psychological, social, financial and physical harm. The study will be conducted anonymously. Confidentiality will be upheld and will only be available to the researchers. In addition the teenagers actual information will not be used anywhere apart from the process of randomization (Vaus, 2002). The researchers will leave the guardians and the teenagers with contact information incase there is further need for clarification even after data collection. The researcher will request for information and not offer threats or bribes in exchange of data. The refusal by any of the teams to cooperate even after due explanation will lead to exemption of the respondent (Cannell etal, 1981) At no time will the rights of the respondent be disregarded. These are the right to privacy and the right to respect meaning that the conduct of the researcher will be professional and courteous at all times (Dijkstra etal, 1982). The information regarding the client will not be diverged. The right of the respondent to choose whether to answer and how to answer will be observed as well as the right to safety. In addition the clients’ right to be to be informed, the right to be heard and to redress will also be observed and the researcher will give all the information the respondent will enquire regarding the study.

Public Service Essay Example for Free

Public Service Essay Public service is has long been considered to play a key role in the improvement of social and economic development in any countries (ILO, 1996). For this case, the type of public service presented is somehow very effective in terms of sending the correct procedure to the individuals who need such task assistance. For the children of the day care canter, the time frame of Friday is best suited for public service since this might be the busiest day for such an institution. Considering that most of the students may be too excited for the coming weekend. Therefore, having a persons or group of person assist them in their activities in class can provide a worthwhile experience.   Also, the schedule 3:00 to 5:00 pm is a very good choice since afternoon schedules are somehow more lenient in accepting additional work when all other important activities have been prioritized earlier in the day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The public service type of task with two types of activity based schedule is also a very good choice. The kids will be able to choose the type of activities they want to be engaged with which will make them more independent and will acquire a greater sense of responsibility. The first hour lets them listen and read to the story while having an option to still play. On another hour, homework assistance is also available which will make the time very productive. If ever they opt to first do their homework with the public servant, they will have more time to enjoy the rest of the day and probably the whole weekend playing. Overall, the type of public service program is very much adapted to the lifestyle of the student in the day care center setting.   References ILO. 1996. Public Service Background. Retrieved December 7, 2007 from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/sectors/pubserv.htm.

Extraction of Amylase Enzyme From Yam | Experiment

Extraction of Amylase Enzyme From Yam | Experiment Amylolytic enzymes are widely distributed in plant tissues, e.g. in storage tissues such as seeds and tubers and in vegetative organs such as leaves. There exist two types of amylases in some species of plants, (E.C.3.2.1.1; 1-4-ÃŽÂ ±-D-glucan glucohydrolase) and (E.C.3.2.1.2; 1-4-ÃŽÂ ²-D-glucan maltohydrolase) amylases [Thoma, J.A., J.E. Sprandlin and S. Dygert, 1971]. Beta-amylase (-1, 4-glucan maltohyrolase, E.C.3,2,1,2) is an exoamylase that attacks the non reducing ends of starches molecules, producing a-maltose and a limit dextrin as products [Thoma, J.A., J.E. Sprandlin and S. Dygert, 1971]. In starch-enriched tissues, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase may play a role in the mobilization of starch during germination or sprouting tubers [Greenwood, C.T. and E.A. Milne, 1968]. Many reports have been demonstrated that ÃŽÂ ²-amylase has a great commercial value in food and beverage industries. The enzyme is useful in structural studies of starch and glycogen. Marshal and Whelan [Marshall, J. et al 1973] report on the removal of any contaminating ÃŽÂ ²-glucosidase. The practical interest of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase was concentrated on its capacity to produce maltose syrups from starch [Biovin, P., 1997.]. ÃŽÂ ²-amylase has previously been purified and characterized from different types of plant sources and a few of microbial origin. In higher plants, the molecular characterization of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase has been carried out on enzyme purified from the organs enriched in starch such as sweet potato tubers [Balls, A.K.,1948, et al], leaves [Vikso-Nelson, A., et al 1997], bulbs [Dicko, M.H., et al, 2000], seeds of various cereal species such as barley [Shinke, R. et al 1971], wheat [Trachuk, R. et al 1966], rice [Okamato, K. and T. Akazawa, 1978] and other higher plants such as soybean [Gertler, A. and Y. Birk, 1965]. On the other hand, much less information is available on the purification and characterization of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase from root. The present study reports the pur ification of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase from Yam (Dioscorea esculenta) root to a pure state along with its characterization. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain much starch but little sugar, such as rice and potato, taste slightly sweet as they are chewed because amylase turns some of their starch into sugar in the mouth. The pancreas also makes amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. As diastase, amylase was the first enzyme to be discovered and isolated (by Anselme Payen in 1833). Specific amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters. All amylases are glycoside drolases and act on ÃŽÂ ±-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It will start to denature at around 60C. Amylase digests not only carbohydrates but also dead white blood cells. For example, when you are low in amylase you are a candidate for abscesses (inflamed areas with pus but not bacteria). If you have a toothache and are being treated with antibiotics, but it doesnt go away, chances are you have an abscess. Amylase is involved in anti-inflammatory reactions such as those caused by the release of histamine and similar substances. The inflammatory response usually occurs in organs which are in contact with the outside world, i.e., the lungs and skin. These include skin problems such as psoriasis, eczema, hives and all types of herpes. Some lung problem including asthma and emphysema may require amylase plus other enzyme formulas depending on the particular ailment. There are many types of amylases, but of importance are: ÃŽÂ ±-amylase, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase and glucoamylase. A diagram of an amylase molecule from human saliva. 1.1 ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) (alternate names: 1,4-ÃŽÂ ±-D-glucan maltohydrolase; glycogenase; saccharogen amylase) Another form of amylase, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase is also synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Working from the non-reducing end, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time. During the ripening of fruit, ÃŽÂ ²-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit. Both ÃŽÂ ±-amylase and ÃŽÂ ²-amylase are present in seeds; ÃŽÂ ²-amylase is present prior to germination, whereas ÃŽÂ ±-amylase and proteases appear once germination has begun. Cereal grain amylase is key to the production of malt. Many microbes also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches. Animal tissues do not contain ÃŽÂ ²-amylase, although it may be present in microrganisms contained within the digestive tract. 1.1.2 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Digestion of carbohydrate begins in the mouth by the action of salivary ÃŽÂ ±-amylase.Only limited digestion of carbohydrate occurs, however, because salivary ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is denatured in the stomach due to the low pH. Digestion begins again in the small intestine when pancreatic ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is secreted. Starch is broken down into maltose, isomaltose, and maltotriose by ÃŽÂ ±-amylase through the hydrolysis of ÃŽÂ ±-1-4 glycosidic bonds. These products as well as any other disaccharides that were ingested must be further digested to their respective monosaccharide units by brush border enzymes (maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and sucrase) before absorption. Maltose is hydrolyzed to two glucose molecules by maltase. Isomaltose is hydrolyzed to two glucose molecules by isomaltase. Lactose is hydrolyzed to one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose by lactase. Sucrose is hydrolyzed to one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose by sucrase. After absorp tion, glucose, galactose, and fructose are transported to the liver via the portal blood. The liver can transform galactose and fructose into glucose (Gropper et al 2005). 1.1.3 REACTIONS OF BETA AMYLASE Starch + H2O in vitro breakdown of semicrystalline starch particles by beta-amylases increases significantly if they act together with glucan, water dikinase starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran beta-amylase hydrolyzes alpha-1,4-linkage, raw starch granules from potato, wheat, rice and corn, with the granules from rice being the best substrate, beta-amylase attacks very slowly on the starch granules, hydrolyzes corn granules efficiently at 45 °C . Beta-amylase is an exo-enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage of the substrate liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end, Glu-172 and Glu-367 are catalytic residues, substrate recognition mechanism, enzyme structure beta-amylase is an inverting enzyme that hydrolyzes the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage of the substrate liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end, catalytic mechanism, Glu-172 acts as general acid, Glu-367 acts as general base catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkages of soluble starch, and liberates beta-anomeric maltose from the nonreducing ends, exo-acting enzyme, composed of two functional domains, a catalytic domain: domains A and B, and starch-binding domain: domain C, beta-amylase has three carbohydrate-binding sites aside from the active site: two in domain B named Site2 and Site3, one in domain C named Site1, roles of these sites in the catalytic reaction and raw starch-binding, beta-amylase hardly h ydrolyzes raw starch from wheat, corn, potato or sweet potato, but binds to it strongly hydrolyzes the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage liberating beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of substrate, enzyme/domain structure, starch binding site in domain C, catalytic mechanism starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran starch substrate of different sources. Beta-amylase hydrolyzes alpha-1,4-linkage, raw starch granules from potato, wheat, rice and corn, with the granules from rice being the best substrate, no efficient hydrolysis of raw starch granules, very slow enzymic attack catalyzes the release of maltose from soluble starch. Malbranchea sulfureastarch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran 106.9% of the activity with amylose, soluble starch, amylose and amylopectin are the most suitable substrates, some activity against native starch, exo-hydrolase that releases beta-maltose from the non-reducing end of alpha-1,4-linked poly- and oligoglucans until the first alpha-1,6-branching point along the substrate molecule is encountered, beta-amylase should be a key enzyme in starch degradation during the germination of millet seeds, enzyme activity increases during days 1-4 of germination starch substrate of different sources, e.g. wheat, wheat bran, rice bran best substrate, pure and low quality starches, maize starch, tapioca starch maltose is the major end product, traces of maltooligosaccharides, no glucose as product. Beta-amylase is involved in starch degradation during mango ripening, which is clearly triggered by detachment from the mother-plant starch enzyme induction upon a cold shock at 4 °C leads to starch-dependent maltose accumulation, which might be required for protection of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, maltose influences the carbohydrate metabolism. Of the components of starch, amylopectin presents the great challenge to hydrolytic enzyme systems. This is due to residues involved in 1,6-glycosidic branch points which constitute about 4-6% of the glucose present. Most hydrolytic enzyme are specific for 1,4-glycosidic links yet the 1,6-glycosidic links must also cleaved for complete hydrolysis of amylopectin to glucose. Some of the most impressive recent exercises in the development of new enzymes have concerned debranching enzymes. It is necessary to hydrolyse starch in a wide variety of processes which may be condensed into two basic classes; Processes in which the starch hydrolysate is to be used by microbes or man and processes in which it is necessary to eliminate starch. In the former processes, such as glucose syrup production, starch is usually the major component of reaction mixtures, whereas in the latter processes, such as the processing of sugar cane juice, small amounts of starch which contaminate non-starchy materials are removed. Enzymes of various types are used in these processes. Although starches from diverse plants may be utilized, corn is the worlds most abundant source and provides most of the substrate used in the preparation of starch hydrolysates. There are three stages in the conversion of starch Gelatinisation, involving the dissolution of the nanogram-sized starch granules to form a viscous suspension; Liquefaction, involving the partial hydrolysis of the starch, with concomitant loss in viscosity; and Saccharification, involving the production of glucose and maltose by further hydrolysis. Galatinisation is achieved by heating starch with water, and occurs necessarily and naturally when starchy foods are cooked. Gelatinized starch is readily liquefied by partial hydrolysis with enzymes or acids are saccharified by further acidic or enzymic hydrolysis (Chaplin,2004). USES OF AMYLASE Amylase enzyme finds use in bread making and to break down complex sugars such as starch (found in flour) into simple sugars. Yeast then feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products of alcohol and CO2. This imparts flavour and causes the bread to rise. While Amylase enzymes are found naturally in yeast cells, it takes time for the yeast to produce enough of these enzymes to break down significant quantities of starch in the bread. This is the reason for long fermented doughs such as sour dough. Modern bread making techniques have included amylase enzymes (often in the form of malted barley) into bread improver thereby making the bread making process faster and more practical for commercial use. When used as a food additive, and may be derived from swine pancreas or mould mushroom. Bacilliary amylase is also used in clothing and dishwasher detergents to dissolve starches from fabrics and dishes. Workers in factories that work with amylase for any of the above uses are at increased risk of occupational asthma. 5-9% of bakers have a positive skin test, and a fourth to a third of bakers with breathing problems are hypersensitive to amylase. An inhibitor of alpha-amylase called phaseolamin has been tested as a potential diet aid. Blood serum amylase may be measured for purposes of medical diagnosis. A normal concentration is in the range 21-101 Mol/L. A higher than normal concentration may reflect one of several medical conditions, including acute inflammation of the pancreas, macroamylasemia, perforated peptic ulcer, and mumps. Amylase may be measured in other body fluids, including urine and peritoneal fluid. Two amylases are common to the baking industry, alpha-amylase and beta-amylase also known as alpha-1,4-glucan glucanohydrolase and alpha-1,4-glucan maltohydrolase. Amylases convert starch into sugar : the ÃŽÂ ±-amylase will cleave the starch randomly (the so called 1-4 bonds in the starch) while the ÃŽÂ ²-amylase can only chop off two sugar units at the time at the end of the starch chain. Normally there is enough ÃŽÂ ²-amylase present in the flour but sometimes addition of ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is needed. The ÃŽÂ ±-amylase will cut the starch into smaller units called dextrins and the more ÃŽÂ ±-amylase activity there is, the better for the ÃŽÂ ²-amylase because there are more extremities available. So the substrate for the ÃŽÂ ²-amylase is either starch or dextrins and the product is maltose. Alpha-amylase is an endoenzyme that attacks linkages within the molecular structure. It randomly cleaves starch chains at interior a-1,4-glycosidic linkages producing short chains of glucose molecules or dextrins. Beta-amylase is an exoenzyme and cleaves maltose units from the non-reducing end of the starch molecule. In order for these enzymes to function, the starch granule must be ruptured so that the individual starch molecules are available for enzymatic action. Depending upon their origin, alpha- and beta-amylases show differences in pH and temperature optima, thermostability, and other chemical stability. They do not require co-enzymes for activity, although alpha-amylase activity is enhanced by the presence of calcium. The pH optimum for alpha-amylase is 4.5 and it is inactivated at a pH of 3.3 to 4.0. This pH dependence decreases the efficacy of this enzyme in sour doughs. Beta-amylase is active across a much broader pH range, 4.5-9.2, with a pH optimum of 5.3. Alpha-amylase is relatively thermostable up to 70 °C, whereas beta-amylase loses about half of its activity at this temperature. Fungal amylase is the least temperature stable, followed by cereal amylase, while bacterial amylase is stable at higher temperatures. New intermediate stability enzymes have been developed that are active above the gelatinization temperature of starch (60 °C), but are totally inactivated at the later stages of baking (80-90 °C). The objective is to maximize the anti-staling effect without creating a gummy, sticky product. INHIBITORS OF AMYLASE ACTIVITY Amylase inhibitors are naturally present in many plants and protect the plant from pests by not allowing the insect to break down starch and gain energy from it. Plants may contain separate protease inhibitors as well or amylase inhibitors may play a dual role and also inhibit proteases. Protein amylase inhibitors as well as non-protein amylase inhibitors exist. Amylase inhibitors may be active against a wide variety of amylases or may be specific to certain insect amylases or mammalian amylases (Franco, et al 2002). Structure of Proteinaceous Amylase Inhibitors The determination of the structure of a complex between porcine pancreatic amylase  and a protein amylase inhibitor isolated from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) showed interaction between the pancreatic amylase active site and the inhibitor. Conformational changes were observed in the pancreatic amylase upon the binding of the inhibitor. The inhibitor was found to be a dimer with a disaccharide attached to one of the amino acid residues.  (Bompard G., et al, 1996). Amylase Inhibitors in yam tuber (Shivaraj, et al,. 1979) reported that sweet potatoes do not contain amylase  inhibitors while (Rekha, et al,1999) reported the presence of amylase inhibitors in 79 of  the 100 varieties tested. Cultivar differences as well as isolation procedure could account for  these differing results. Before performing amylase inhibitor assays, Shivaraj and others  homogenized sweet potato with water, allowed the samples to sit for 1 hour, centrifuged the  samples, collected the supernatant, and then subjected the supernatant to heat treatment  (80 °C for 10 minutes) to destroy native amylases. Rekha and others homogenized yam tuber in a sodium phosphate buffer containing polyvinyl pyrrolidone and sodium chloride,  stored the samples in the refrigerator, centrifuged the samples, and then performed  trichloroacetic acid precipitation to remove native amylases. Rekha and others chose to use  TCA precipitation rather than the heat treatment Shivaraj found heat treatment to be in effective at destroying all native amylase activity. YAM Yam is the common name for some species in the genus Dioscorea (family Dioscoreaceae). These are perennial herbaceous vines cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania. There are many cultivars of yam. Yam (Dioscorea spp., Dioscoreaceae) is classified as monocotyledonous but is considered to be closely related to dicotyledonous plants as a second cotyledon remains undeveloped in the embryo (Lawton and Lawton, 1967). The storage organ is probably a swollen hypocotyl (Lawton and Lawton, 1969), but is often described as a swollen root. A number of species are grown widely in the humid tropics with D. rotundata and D. cayenensis being of most importance, followed by D. alata and D. esculenta (Akoroda, 1993). These are all of African or East Asian origin, with only the minor species D. trifida being of American origin (Brà ¼cher, 1989). The tubers contain about 1-3  % protein on a dry weight basis (Coursey, 1995). Yam is source of carbohydrate; carbohydrates are one of the three major food groups needed for proper nutrition. Amylase is the digestive enzyme needed to digest carbohydrates. Carbohydrates in food are an important and immediate source of energy for the body. Starch refers to carbohydrates found in plants (grains). Vegetables and fruits are a source of sugar and are broken down to sugar or glucose. Carbohydrates are present in at least small quantities in most food, but the chief sources are the sugars are the sugars and the sugars and the starches (Wright, 1993) Uses of yam Food Yams of African species must be cooked to be safely eaten, because various natural substances in raw yams can cause illness if consumed. (Excessive skin contact with uncooked yam fluids can cause the skin to itch. If this occurs, a quick cold bath will stop the itching.) Yam is consumed in various ways, but is usually boiled and eaten. This involves cutting yam into pieces, then peeling the skin, and boiling the starchy meat. This is usually consumed with palm oil (traditional way), or with other sauces. The boiled yam can also be pounded with a traditional mortar and pestle to create a thick starchy paste known as Pounded Yam. This is also eaten with traditional stews and sauces. Another method of consumption is to sun dry the raw yam pieces. When dry, the pieces turn a dark brown color. This is then milled to create a powder known as elubo in Nigeria. The brown powder can be prepared with boiling water to create a thick brown starchy paste known as amala. This is also consumed with the local stews and sauces. The most common cooking method in Western and Central Africa is cooked boiled yam. (Wikipedia 2003). In India this vegetable is also called Garadu. In central part of India people cut small slices of the vegetable, deep fry them, sprinkle lots of spices on it and eat as snacks. In southern part of India, it is eaten with fish curry and is a local favorite.(Wikipedia 2003) 1.2 TYPES OF YAM Dioscorea rotundata and D. cayenensis Dioscorea rotunda, the white yam, and Dioscorea cayenensis, the yellow yam, are native to Africa. They are the most important cultivated yams. In the past they were considered two separate species but most taxonomists now regard them as the same species. There are over 200 cultivated varieties between them. The Kokoro variety is important in making dried yam chips. They are large plants; the vines can be as long as 10 to 12 meters (35 to 40 feet). The tubers most often weigh about 2.5 to 5  kg (6 to 12 lbs) each but can weigh as much as 25  kg (60 lbs). After 7 to 12 months growth the tubers are harvested. In Africa most are pounded into a paste to make the traditional dish of pounded yam (Kay 1987). Dioscorea alata A piece of cake made with Ube (water yam).Dioscorea alata, called water yam, winged yam and purple yam, was first cultivated in Southeast Asia. Although not grown in the same quantities as the African yams, it has the largest distribution world-wide of any cultivated yam, being grown in Asia, the Pacific islands, Africa, and the West Indies (Mignouna 2003). In the United States it has become an invasive species in some Southern states. In the Philippines it is known as ube (or ubi) and is used as an ingredient in many sweet desserts. In Vietnam, it is called khoai mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¡ and is used mainly as an ingredient for soup. In India, it is known as ratalu or violet yam. In Hawaii it is known as uhi. Uhi was brought to Hawaii by the early Polynesian settlers and became a major crop in the 1800s when the tubers were sold to visiting ships as an easily stored food supply for their voyages (White 2003). Dioscorea opposita Dioscorea opposita, Chinese yam, is native to China. The Chinese yam plant is somewhat smaller than the African, with the vines about 3 meters (10 feet) long. It is tolerant to frost and can be grown in much cooler conditions than other yams. It is now grown in China, Korea, and Japan. It was introduced to Europe in the 1800s when the potato crop there was falling victim to disease, and is still grown in France for the Asian food market. The tubers are harvested after about 6 months of growth. Some are eaten right after harvesting and some are used as ingredients for other dishes, including noodles, and for traditional medicines (Kay 1987).Air potato Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscorea bulbifera, the air potato, is found in both Africa and Asia, with slight differences between those found in each place. It is a large vine, 6 meters (20 ft) or more in length. It produces tubers; however the bulbils which grow at the base of its leaves are the more important food product. They are about the size of potatoes (hence the name air potato), weighing from 0.5 to 2  kg (1 to 5 lbs). Some varieties can be eaten raw while some require soaking or boiling for detoxification before eating. It is not grown much commercially since the flavor of other yams is preferred by most people. However it is popular in home vegetable gardens because it produces a crop after only four months of growth and continues producing for the life of the vine, as long as two years. Also the bulbils are easy to harvest and cook (Kay 1987). In 1905 the air potato was introduced to Florida and has since become an invasive species in much of the state. Its rapid growth crowds out native vegetation and is very difficult to remove since it can grow back from the tubers, and new vines can grow from the bulbils even after being cut down or burned (Schultz 1993). Dioscorea esculenta Dioscorea esculenta, the lesser yam, was one of the first yam species cultivated. It is native to Southeast Asia and is the third most commonly cultivated species there, although it is cultivated very little in other parts of the world. Its vines seldom reach more than 3 meters (10 feet) in length and the tubers are fairly small in most varieties. The tubers are eaten baked, boiled, or fried much like potatoes. Because of the small size of the tubers, mechanical cultivation is possible; which, along with its easy preparation and good flavor, could help the lesser yam to become more popular in the future (Kay 1987). Dioscorea trifida Dioscorea trifida, the cush-cush yam, is native to the Guyana region of South America and is the most important cultivated New World yam. Since they originated in tropical rain forest conditions their growth cycle is less related to seasonal changes than other yams. Because of their relative ease of cultivation and their good flavor they are considered to have a great potential for increased production (Kay 1987). Dioscorea dumetorum Dioscorea dumetorum, the bitter yam, is popular as a vegetable in parts of West Africa; one reason being that their cultivation requires less labor than other yams. The wild forms are very toxic and are sometimes used to poison animals when mixed with bait. It is said that they have also been used for criminal purposes (Kay 1987). 1.3 Nutritional value Yams are high in vitamin C, dietary fiber, vitamin B6, potassium, and manganese; while being low in saturated fat and sodium. Vitamin C, dietary fiber and vitamin B6 may all promote good health. Furthermore, a product that is high in potassium and low in sodium is likely to produce a good potassium-sodium balance in the human body, and so protect against osteoporosis and heart disease. Yam products generally have a lower glycemic index than potato products, which means that they will provide a more sustained form of energy, and give better protection against obesity and diabetes. Aim and objective The objective of this experiment is to extract the amylases mainly ÃŽÂ ²-amylase from yam tuber and determine the enzymatic activities of the enzymes. At the end of the experiment, the amylase extracted from yam tuber can be made use of in the industries like; the pharmaceutical, plastic and textile industries among others in place of barley commonly made used of. This is even favorable considering the land mass covered by yam and also large usefulness of the yam. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 MATERIALS Yam (Dioscoreaceae esculenta),used was from Oja Oba Market in Iwo Osun State, Ethanol, Soluble starch, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium potassium tertarate, Sephadex G200 was obtained from Pharmacia fine chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden, disodium hydrogen phosphate were products of British Drug House(BDH), poole England. The distilled water was obtained from the Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife. 2.2 EQUIPMENTS Water incubator manufactured by Grant Instruments(Cambridge) Ltd, Weighing balance made in Switzerland, Centrifuge manufactured by microfield instruments England. Spectrophotometer. 2.2 Preparation of buffer and Reagents 2.2.1 preparation of 0.016 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.8 To prepare acetate buffer for, 73.10 g of sodium acetate was dissolved in 900 ml of distilled water, 4.2 ml of acetic acid was added and then made up to 1 Litre in volumetric flask. 2.2.2 Preparation of 2 N sodium hydroxide To 8 g of sodium hydroxide pellets was dissolved in 100ml of distilled water. 2.2.3 Preparation of colour reagent Dinitrosalicyclic acid colour reagent, was prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of 3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid in 50 ml of distilled water. 30.0 g sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate was added slowly with 20 ml of 2N sodium hydroxide. It was diluted to 100 ml with distilled water. 2.2.4 Preparation of 1% starch Prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of soluble starch in 100 ml of 0.016 M sodium acetate buffer pH 4.8. It was boiled to dissolve and cooled, diluted to 100ml with distilled water. 2.3 Method The rate at which maltose is released from starch is measured by its ability to reduce 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid according to Bernfold(1955) . One unit releases one micromole of ÃŽÂ ²-maltose per minutes at 25ËÅ ¡C and pH 4.8 under the specified conditions. 2.3.1 Mashing and Extraction of Enzymes With the use of mortar and pestle, 434.52 g of yam were ground and 400ml of homogenization buffer (i.e 0.016 M sodium acetate pH) was added and stirred, it was kept in a refrigerator for 1 hour with intermittent stirring at 10 minutes interval. It was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes into components. Assay for protein and enzyme activity was then carried out after it has being stored in 70% of ammonium sulphate(212.4 g/L). 2.3.2 Purification Purification of ÃŽÂ ²-amylase: All enzymes purification steps were carried out at room temperature. Enzyme Precipitation: The crude extract was initially fractioned by 70% (v/v) ammonium sulphate. After centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, the precipitated pellets were collected and re-suspended in of cold buffer. The solution was dissolved in 0.016 M sodium acetate buffer of pH 4.8 and layered on a Sephadex G-200 Colum (1 x 40 cm). Fractions of 5 ml were collected. The fraction was monitored for protein at 280 nM. Elution was in 0.016 M sodium acetate buffer, pH4.8.

Drug Legalization Essay -- Drugs Legal Legalization Essays

Drug Legalization Drug legalization has become a great issue among Americans for many years, and there have also been those that try to stop that legalization. The article, â€Å"Legalizing Drugs is Not the Solution† by Gerald W. Lynch, has a good argument based on facts and incidents that have occurred from drug use. In this article a person thinks twice about what they are really doing when they use drugs, and it is clear as to why legalizing drugs would not be a logical solution As spoken in this essay about the legalization of drugs and its bad effects, Lynch uses a lot of relevance and sufficiency throughout his piece. Relevance is the appropriateness of his evidence to the case at hand (Faigley and Selzer 45). Sufficiency is the amount of evidence cited (Faigley and Selzer 46). Lynch bases his essay on these key factors throughout his whole piece on the legalization of drugs and how it is not the solution. He bases his argument in paragraph 7 on all the bad things that have occurred to various people who have used drugs illegally. He states this through mentioning accidents, deaths, child abuse, sexual abuse, and various other crimes including destruction of property. His evidence proves to be true in proving his point of going through treatment and therapy for drug use instead of legalizing them. This essay is a successful argument because it convinces a person through all that is detailed why legalization of drugs will not work in this society. He describes through his values on the issue of drug legalization and the effects they have on many people. Lynch makes a few value statements through a claim of values, which states an argument for the paper through his personal reasoning (Faigley and Selzer 32)... ...e because if we feel that if we can treat those that are addicted to drug use and dealing, than we can overcome the thoughts about making drugs legal. Lynch uses people’s values and strong facts that prove his many points of interest in this piece. He has a majority of evidence that helps one be able to believe his point of why drug legalization is not the answer. Drug legalization has turned out to not be the answer and it has been proven through much evidence in Lynch’s essay. References: Faigley, Lester and Jack Selzer. Good Reasons with Contemporary Arguments. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: A Pearson Education Company, 2001. Lynch, Gerald W. â€Å"Legalizing Drugs Is Not the Solution† Good Reasons with Contemporary Arguments. Eds. Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: A Pearson Education Company, 2001. 490-493. Drug Legalization Essay -- Drugs Legal Legalization Essays Drug Legalization Drug legalization has become a great issue among Americans for many years, and there have also been those that try to stop that legalization. The article, â€Å"Legalizing Drugs is Not the Solution† by Gerald W. Lynch, has a good argument based on facts and incidents that have occurred from drug use. In this article a person thinks twice about what they are really doing when they use drugs, and it is clear as to why legalizing drugs would not be a logical solution As spoken in this essay about the legalization of drugs and its bad effects, Lynch uses a lot of relevance and sufficiency throughout his piece. Relevance is the appropriateness of his evidence to the case at hand (Faigley and Selzer 45). Sufficiency is the amount of evidence cited (Faigley and Selzer 46). Lynch bases his essay on these key factors throughout his whole piece on the legalization of drugs and how it is not the solution. He bases his argument in paragraph 7 on all the bad things that have occurred to various people who have used drugs illegally. He states this through mentioning accidents, deaths, child abuse, sexual abuse, and various other crimes including destruction of property. His evidence proves to be true in proving his point of going through treatment and therapy for drug use instead of legalizing them. This essay is a successful argument because it convinces a person through all that is detailed why legalization of drugs will not work in this society. He describes through his values on the issue of drug legalization and the effects they have on many people. Lynch makes a few value statements through a claim of values, which states an argument for the paper through his personal reasoning (Faigley and Selzer 32)... ...e because if we feel that if we can treat those that are addicted to drug use and dealing, than we can overcome the thoughts about making drugs legal. Lynch uses people’s values and strong facts that prove his many points of interest in this piece. He has a majority of evidence that helps one be able to believe his point of why drug legalization is not the answer. Drug legalization has turned out to not be the answer and it has been proven through much evidence in Lynch’s essay. References: Faigley, Lester and Jack Selzer. Good Reasons with Contemporary Arguments. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: A Pearson Education Company, 2001. Lynch, Gerald W. â€Å"Legalizing Drugs Is Not the Solution† Good Reasons with Contemporary Arguments. Eds. Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: A Pearson Education Company, 2001. 490-493.

The Homeless †Mentally Ill, or Just Lazy? Essay -- Exploratory Essays

The Homeless – Mentally Ill, or Just Lazy? What causes homelessness? Is homelessness the result of job loss? Does it result from drug and alcohol addiction? Just who are the homeless? The homeless are a mixture of people with many different problems. Many of them are mentally ill patients released from institutions. Some are single women with children. As John Grisham stated, 40% are substance abusers (Grisham 14). Some of the homeless want and need help, but to others being homeless is a conscious choice. The choices a person makes will largely determine what kind of life he or she has. Outside factors, such as unexpected job loss, may drastically alter a person’s lifestyle for a while, but most people get back on their feet before long. As the GM worker said in Roger and Me, "It’s never pleasant when something like this comes to an end, but life goes on." The majority of people will make the choice to look for another job, no matter what they have to do to get one. This may include moving to another part of the state or country (the lady at the Flint post office said they had 82,000 address changes). It may also result in a cut in pay. Most workers are willing to make the sacrifices it takes to continue to be employed. Yet there are others who decide to give up, start to drink, or take drugs, and end up on the street. Watching Roger and Me in 2004 does not have the same impact it had in 1989. GM was one of the first companies to "downsize," and it was a big shock to everyone when it happened. Since then downsizing has become a trend with thousands of companies, and people nowadays are not surprised when they are laid off. Roger Smith is only one of many CEO’s who make millions while lower employees lose their jo... ...ay find themselves jobless and homeless. Everyone faces obstacles in their life. How one chooses to deal with them - to fight or to give up - will determine the quality of life he or she will have. Works Cited Crimmins, James C.   The American Promise.   San Francisco: KQED Books,   1995.    Grisham, John.   "Somewhere for Everyone."   Newsweek February 9, 1998: 14.    Marin, Peter.   "Helping and Hating the Homeless:   The Struggle at the Margins of America." Writing For Change: A Community Reader.   Ed.   Ann Watters and Marjorie Ford. NY McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995.   270-283.    Moore, Michael, Dir.   Roger & Me.   Videocassette.   Dog Eat Dog/Warner Bros., 1989.   VHS.   Ã‚   83 min.    Terkel, Studs.   "Mike LeFevre:   Who Built the Pyramids?"   Writing For Change - A Community Reader.   Ed.   Ann Watters and Marjorie Ford.   NY McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995.   209-216.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Sociopaths Brain Essay -- Diseas

A good looking man in an expensive suite walks past a woman on the subway whistling a catchy tune. Many thoughts begin to run through her head, â€Å"He’s an important business man on his way to his next meeting.† Or â€Å"He’s a father on the way home from work.† As he stops she watches him read a news paper thinking how attractive and self composed he is. In the back of her head she’s wishing that he would speak to her. As she sits and hopes it seems that her wish is going to be answered. The young, attractive gentleman gets up and strides over taking the seat next to her. He introduces himself as Mr. Cromer and engages her in a charming conversation, sweeping her off her feet. In her head everything is going great, she has met the perfect man, all the while she hasn’t noticed that he has lead her to the door of a warehouse. By the time she realizes where she is it is too late, he has her now. As she begins to scream he shoves her in the bu ilding ending all hope. Mr. Cromer actually suffers from a severe case of antisocial personality disorder and has developed a bad habit of abducting, raping and killing women followed by an ostentatious dinner often buying dinks and food for others in the restaurant or bar to which he leaves without every paying. Those who suffer from personality disorders will not necessarily all become killers or rapists but most do participate in illegal activity of some sort. Antisocial personality disorder, also known as sociopathy or psychopathy, is often described as the person lacking any and all morals; they have no conscience. Often these individuals have difficulty or inability to feel empathy for others and as a result they do as they please, not conforming to social norms like the majority of the population... ...ey still commit count less crimes against society and fail to conform to any societal norms. Many perspectives have been trying to better explain what causes this disorder but the close we have gotten is correlation. Like with any disease there are multiple contributing factors so researchers need to take and eclectic approach and hopefully one day we will find a simple answer for this complex disorder that will lead to an effective treatment. Works Cited Haglin, R. P. & Whitbourne, S. K. (2010). Abnormal psychology: clinical perspectives on psychological disorders. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Moran, P. (1999). The epidemiology of antisocial personality disorder. Institute of Psychiatry, (34), 231-242. Ogloff, J. R. (2006). Psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder conundrum. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, (40), 519-528.

Us 101 Week 8 Assignment

Associate Level Material Appendix J Reliable Sources Worksheet Locate two sources in the University Library on a topic of your choice. Provide the required information for both sources. Source 1 * Author: Reisch, Michael and Jani, Jayshree S. Date: September 2012 Title: The New Politics of Social Work Practice: Understanding Context to Promote Change. Publication: British Journal of Social Work * Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions: * Is the source reliable? How do you know?Yes I feel as if this source was reliable simply because it gave facts as well as the truth. This article tells of what type of social work has been done as well as how affective each method was with people. It tells of all the types that they did to fit people’s needs and what it was that happened with each. This being said, it gives us the clear knowledge that we need to see all the different ways it was handled over the past several decades. The authors not only gave thei r opinions on the subject but they also gave us the facts that they had received.Is the information relevant to the topic? Yes the information is relevant to the topic because it did talk about the different types of social work practices that have taken place over the past few decades as well as what the people could do to change what was being done to perform it better as a whole. The article gives you a clear picture of what it is that social work deals with as well as what you need to do to conduct the proper work for the job. I do not think that the article could have been any more relevant to the topic than it was.Does the information reflect a bias on the author’s part? If so, what is the bias? Yes and no. I do not feel as if the authors were too biased on their writing. However they did tell us a little on how they felt about what was being done. The article was more about the practices of social work over the years and how they can be improved with time. It showed us the bad and the good things that social work brings to the table so I feel that all social work topics should and will have peoples personal opinions somehow tied into the mix.The information that the authors gave us was a great amount that really showed us what it was that needed to be done and how things should work. Source 2 * Author: Blomquist, Brooke A. and Giuliano, Traci A. Date: June 2012 Title: Do You Love Me, Too? Perceptions of Responses to I Love You. Publication: North American Journal of Psychology. * Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions: * Is the source reliable? How do you know? Yes, I feel that the source is reliable with what they said.I know this because the article is all about a study that was taken between men and women to see what they had to say on the matter of one saying I love you and their response if they do not feel the same. The article not only describes in full what the study was about but also there are pictures of t he responses to what was said that corresponds to it. This article was in a Journal of works so it would seem to be more reliable than just a letter from someone or a little paper that was made about it. Is the information relevant to the topic?Yes the information that was given is relevant to the topic because it tells just how people perceive how one feels when being told I love you when they do not feel lit as well. It shows of what people said in the survey as well as why they said what they said. To me, the answers that were given do seem to be reasonable as to what I would expect to be said. Normally when one says I love you it is taken by surprise by the person hearing it and if they are not ready to say it back they are normally more apt to tell them the truth about how they feel; Which is what this article is telling us.Does the information reflect a bias on the author’s part? If so, what is the bias? No, I do not feel that the authors showed bias in the article. I d o not feel as if they did simply because it was more about the survey that was taken rather than their personal thoughts on the matter. They may have put a few points in there on how they felt about the subject but there was not enough to say that they gave too much or that they gave more on how they felt about the I love you, Im not ready scenario that happens to most people. The authors showed the true facts on the cases as well as the majority of truth from both sexes.