Essay examples --

Living in todays American society is a thanksgiving and a curse. Never has information been so easily attainable, knowledge is literally at our fingertips, that being the blessing. However, so be advertisements, movies, songs and general media that are coming at us so fast that we have no idea how to handle it. The average American is subjected to about 3000 ads per day (Kilbourne, 2006). The curse is what it does to our generations warning perception of the perfect remains, advertisement being the biggest culprit of them all.Hyper sexualized women and men in the media are the reason that 80% of children by the age of ten years one-time(a) are afraid of being fat. According to a recent study in Spain found that adolescents consume an average of 3 hours to 3.2 hours a day of tv set on weekdays and weekends, respectively (Bercedo Sanz et al., 2005). Children are still in their developmental stage, their brain and ideas are still forming which is why they are so easily targeted. Television, magazines, films, billboards, and the kindred often offer a distorted vision of the world (Bercedo Sanz et al., 2005 Shrum, 2009), and it may be difficult for children and adolescents to distinguish whether what they see is real or not, so that they are more than vulnerable to the messages transmitted (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2001). Men and women are each targeted very differently in media. Although sex sells, it is the image in the advertisement itself that is what is engrained in our minds. Media tells us that women are supposed to be skinny, dainty and delicate. Whereas men they are supposed to be big and strong so that women will faun all over them and their muscles. These images are making young childrens self-esteem plummet way faster in th... ...ian body builder Aziz Sergeyevich Shavershian is considered a god amongst men in the body building community. He died of a heart attack in a sauna due to steroid abuse while on vacation in Thailand. Why people consider him a hero is still a mystery. In the media the seemingly over weight men neer get the fragrance and are never engrossn seriously. Men must be stern chiseled and highly sophisticated. Not only that but they must also take charge and be animalistic, women in the media are often portrayed as objects for the mens pleasure. Media is a vessel in which women and men a like use in order to try to better themselves. In trying to duplicate what they see they really are only causing themselves heart yearn and emotional and psychological damage. Until we can passively look at media and still be happy with whom we are we as a society can never be happy and healthy.

The Ugly World of Competitive Figure Skating :: Exploratory Essays

The Ugly World of Competitive Figure SkatingFor both Olympic games, there always seems to be some type of scandal or drama. The 2002 Winter Olympic games in Salt Lake City proved itself to be full of this excitement and controversy. That year the scandal appeared in unrivalled of the most popular events, figure skate. The competition was between the Russian and Canadian figure skating pair offs. The Russians showed a murder full of technical difficulty without pulling it off completely. Their performance was marred by simple mistakes. On the other hand, the Canadian pair performed a piece full of emotion, and while not as technically difficult as the Russians, more thorough and precise in their landings and jumps. After their performance the audience and the television commentators all believed they were the gold medallists. However after their score went up, they were sorely put in second place. As it turns out a french judge exchanged votes with a Russian judge so that the Rus sians would win the event. Since this happened, it has opened up the doors to the world of figure skating and informed the public of its corruptness. What quite a little need to notice is that judges exchanging votes is only one(a) part of the problem and how well a person actually performs the techniques on the ice is only one part of the judging. In an article published in Newsweek right after the scandal was exposed the author states, For ages figure skating has attracted ridicule for letting a competitors nationality, furbish up about-up, costume, and choice of music seem to count as much as the athleticism and grace. (Begley 40) As it stands now in 2010, it looks as though no one has learned a lesson from this event or article. Judges who make deals before competitions and get caught do not suffer any harsh consequences. They continue to reading unsportsmanlike conduct while judging. In my movie (as yet to be titled) I hope to address not only the fact that judges make dea ls ahead of time, but that certain skaters are discriminated by their race and sexuality as well as for arbitrary reasons. The movie will be set in the United States, most likely in Connecticut, a common place for skaters to train. The main character, Kris is working on making it up the rivulet of the amateur skating circuit. She comes from a lower middle class family that cannot support her hobby of skating.

Dr. Seuss The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins Essay -- Dr. Seuss The

Narrative Style and Structure of Dr. SeussThe 500 Hats of Bartholomew CubbinsThe 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins, told in folktale style, was pen by Dr. Seuss in 1938. According to Charity Belle Mays, Folktales deal with adventures both plausible and implausible wrapped in the forms of human or animal abilities. They are the simple tales that have truly evil people or animals, and truly good people or animals, and the good always wins out in the end in these stories, giving way to the childs version of fairness. This story recounts young Bartholomew Cubbins misadventures while going to market in town. Bartholomew, a paragon of politeness and obedience, unwittingly finds overturn when he is unable to keep a hat off his head and offends King Derwin. The folktale begins with introductions to Bartholomew and King Derwin, the potential hero and villain. The first several pages evince the great contrasts between their lives Bartholomew is poor and feels insignificant versus the Kings w ealth and mighty self-image. With such opposite lifestyles, Seuss must create a...

The house of Seven Gables Analysis Essays -- essays research papers

The love of money is the root of wholly evil. This basic proverb it the foundation that Nathaniel Hawthorne builds upon in The augury of Seven Gables. Like all of hawthorns works he exploits the evils of the puritan heart in is 1851 Ro musical compositiontic Fantasy. Hawthorne tells the story of the Pyncheon familys struggle to overcome the inherrated problem caused by the sins of their ancestors. The Pyncheon family, barely, thinks the problems come from an inherrated curse that was placed on the family. The House of Seven Gables shows Hawthornes opinion of the puritan heart (Gioia and Kennedy p. 196). He believed that their hearts were full of sin, and that they were blinded by the sin and evil so much that they could not even see that the problem lies with themselves. Hawthorne believed that the inherrated evil of the heart could only be overcome by true love. To understand the family history, you must first meet the family. The Pyncheon family history starts in 1692 with the introduction of Colonel Pyncheon. He was a strict puritan whom bothone thought was a equitable godly man. However, his heart was greedy and evil. He had a man put to death so that he could gain the mans property. These sins and evils are passed down through several generations of Pyncheons. In some generations the evil is stronger or weaker. The traits are passed until the later 1900s to an elderly woman named Hephzibah Pyncheon. Hephzibah, the great grand niece of the Colonel, did not inherit all of his evil traits. Her heart was not greedy or full of hate, but she feels that she is better that everyone else because she is a Pyncheon. By the time the novel focuses on her however, she is nearly seventy and she realizes that she must open up a cent shop to survive. Hephzibahs brother, Clifford, lives with her in the house of the seven gables. Clifford is an emotional man who has spent most of his life in prison for the murder of one of his uncles. Clifford, however is the only mal e Pyncheon who is not full of hate, he killed his uncle to stop his uncle from killing others. Clifford and Hephzibah live in the house and are occasionally visited by their cousin, louvre Pyncheon. Because Phoebe moved from another town, she is unaware of the supposed curse and the inherrated evil that is supposed to dwell in her. Phoebe is perfect in every way. She is beautiful, happy, and she has a good heart. She is ... ...razy and others to become more powerful or richer to cover the feeling of grief (Anthony Trollope p 308).The ghost is also the on who resolves the conflict. Once the Pyncheons realize that all they have to do is confess their sins and come to terms with themselves and the Mauls then the conflict will end, and they will live happily ever after.The novel as a whole was excellent. The plot and the theme were excellent, and the novel should be converted into a movie because it has all of the things a good thriller and horror movie should have. The only drawback was the language and the style in which it was written. Nathaniel Hawthorne is a master of words and the human language, but describing a half-dead chicken does not need a two-page description. If someone could re-write the novel in todays English, without loosing the quality of work, this could easily be the best novel ever. The theme of the novel is perfect for Hawthorne as well as everyone in every time period. It describes Hawthornes views as puritans as evil hypocrites, as well as showing every generation that just because you inherrated a bad family, it doesnt mean you have to relieve the inherrated experience.

Free Essay: The Odor of Chrysanthemums :: Chrysanthemums Essays

The Odor of Chrysanthemums The locomotive engine may be typic of Walter. It is an overwhelming thing, strong and powerful, the way that Walter is a huge part of her living. However, it is also impersonable and cold, just as her relationship to her husband is. Her moments with her husband, like the winding engine ar hurried with brief pauses (2113). Lawrence describes their intimacy as an exchanging of nakedness, but without any real connection for long periods of time. The color red seems to symbolize death. The beginning of the story presents the contradict bank with flames like red sores like its ashy sides (2111). However, death is not presented as a dreadful thing in this story. In the end, death is independence for Elizabeth. Even John says, I do think its beautiful to look in the fire . . . . Its so red, and full of little caves-- and it feels so nice (2114). In a way, he is commenting on the mystery and beauty of passing on to the afterlife. When Elizabeth goes to look f or her husband, there, again, is The red smear of the burning pit bank on the darkness (2117). Finally, she lays her dead husband on the old red tablecloth (2121). D. H. Lawrences parents did not have a good marriage. They probably did not know each other puff up before their marriage, as they were ill-suited for each other. The Bates do not really know one another they are married but strangers. Lawrences father was an abusive alcoholic. Walter Bates frequents the common house. Characters Elizabeth Bates stifled, long-suffering, distant but caring with her family. John Bates curious, headstrong. Walter Bates Insensitive, absent. Was this what it all meant--utter, intact separateness, obscured by the heat of living? Elizabeth is questioning the reason for living. Particularly, she is wondering at her own existence. Her life seems to have no meaning and she does not connect with any one, especially her husband. I have been fighting a husband who did not exist . . .and her mortal died in her for fear. Walter did exist, but not as a true husband to her, nor she a true wife to him.

Free Essay: The Odor of Chrysanthemums :: Chrysanthemums Essays

The Odor of Chrysanthemums The locomotive engine may be symbolic of Walter. It is an overwhelming thing, strong and powerful, the centering that Walter is a huge part of her life. However, it is also impersonable and cold, just as her relationship to her husband is. Her moments with her husband, like the winding engine are hurried with brief pauses (2113). Lawrence describes their occasion as an exchanging of nakedness, but without any real connection for long periods of time. The color reddened seems to symbolize death. The beginning of the story presents the pit bank with flames like red sores like its ashy sides (2111). However, death is non presented as a dreadful thing in this story. In the end, death is freedom for Elizabeth. Even John says, I do think its beautiful to look in the fire . . . . Its so red, and full of little caves-- and it feels so nice (2114). In a way, he is commenting on the mystery and beauty of passing on to the afterlife. When Elizabeth goes to look f or her husband, there, again, is The red smear of the burning pit bank on the night (2117). Finally, she lays her dead husband on the old red tablecloth (2121). D. H. Lawrences parents did not have a good marriage. They probably did not know each other well before their marriage, as they were ill-suited for each other. The Bates do not really know one another they are married but strangers. Lawrences father was an abusive alcoholic. Walter Bates frequents the public house. Characters Elizabeth Bates stifled, long-suffering, distant but affectionateness with her family. John Bates curious, headstrong. Walter Bates Insensitive, absent. Was this what it all meant--utter, intact separateness, obscured by the heat of living? Elizabeth is questioning the reason for living. Particularly, she is wondering at her own existence. Her life seems to have no significance and she does not connect with any one, especially her husband. I have been fighting a husband who did not exist . . .and her soul died in her for fear. Walter did exist, but not as a true husband to her, nor she a true wife to him.

American Literature Essay

Exploration Period, 1492-1607 Characteristics The first European publications about North America are written in this effect. European writings describe the explorers travels and impressions of the continent and its Native people. major Writers or Works Prose Christopher Columbus, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Thomas Harriot, and Samuel de Champlain. Oral narratives Seneca legend How America was discovered. Colonial Period, 1607-c. 1765 Characteristics The Colonial period was dominated by Puritan beliefs and thus books of this period is usuallyhistorical, religious, or didactic. The most common genres were tracts, polemics, journals, narratives, sermons, and some poetry. The first slave narratives were written at this time. Imaginative belles-lettres was rare in some colonies, it was banned for being immoral. Major Writers or Works Poetry Michael Wigglesworth, Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor.Prose John Smith, Roger Williams, Cotton Mather, Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, benzoin Franklins Poor Richards Almanacks. narratives Mary Rowlandsons A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson.Revolutionary Period, 1765-1790 Characteristics This period begins with the passing of the Stamp comprise in England and ends in 1790. The Revolutionary period usually refers to writings that are politically motivated, either in support of British rule, in support of American patriotism and independence, or relating to the Constitution. Major Writers or Works Prose Thomas Jeffersons Autobiography, Declaration by the Represent-atives of the United States of America, Thomas Paines Common Sense, Alexander Hamilton and crowd together Madisons Federalist Papers. Drama Royall Tylers The Contrast.Verse and Ballads Yankee Doodle, The Liberty Song. Early National Period, 1775-1828 Characteristics During this period, a body of distinctly American imaginative literature began to emerge. As with the novel, poetry, essays, and sketches also began to flourish. The publishing world and readership in America also began to grow. Slave narratives were published with increasing frequency. This period is sometimes called the Federalist period after the traditionalist federalists in power at the time. Major Writers or Works Poetry Phillip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Phillis Wheatley.Prose Judith Sargent Murray, Mercy Otis Warren, uppercase Irving, Lydia mare Child Narratives Olaudah Equianos The Interesting Narrative of the Lfe of Olaudah Equiano. Novels Hannah Webster Fosters The Coquette. Romantic Period, 1828-1865 Characteristics The Romantic period covers the period between Jacksonian democracy to the end of the Civil War. This period was the first major fusillade of a distinctly American body of literature for this reason, this period is also referred to as the American rebirth. Many of American literatures most long-familiar writers emerged during this time.Readership increased signifi cantly and the 1850s saw a number of immensely popular novels. Issues and subjects addressed in the literature of this time ranged from the American identity, to the slavery debate, to historical narratives, to poems and narratives inspire by romanticism, to prose works examining national unity. Major Writers or Works Poetry Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Lydia Sigourney, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass, Emily Dickinson. Prose Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Rebecca Harding Davis, William Lloyd Garrison. Narratives Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.Novels James Feni much Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Herman Melville, Susan Warner, Maria Susanna Cummins The Lamplighter, Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin, William Wells Brown, Harriet E. Wilson. Drama George Aikens play, Uncle Toms Cabin, based on Stowes novel. The Age of Transcendentalism, 1836-1860 Characteristics Transcendentalism, though varied , investigated the kind between nature, humanity, society, and the divine.Major Writers or Works Prose Ralph Waldo Emersons Nature, Self-Reliance, and The American Scholar, MargaretFullers Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Henry David Thoreaus Walden, Bronson Alcott. Realism, 1865-1900 Characteristics The post-Civil War period was an era of increased industrialization and urbanization as the nation attempted to recover emotionally, culturally, and politically from the aftermath of the war.Though there were still elements of romanticism, this period was considered earthy in its emphasis on unidealized and truthful depictions. Major Writers or Works Poetry Walt Whitman, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Emily Dickinsons poems published posthumously. Prose Sarah Orne Jewett, Mary E.Wilkins Freeman, Zitkala-Sa, Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper, George Washington Cable, Kate Chopin. Novels Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, William Dean Howells, Bret Harte, Louisa May Alc otts Little Women, Henry James, Helen Hunt Jacksons Ramona, Frances E. W. Harpers Iola Leroy. Naturalism, 1900-1914 Characteristics An offshoot of realism, naive realism claimed to give an even more realistic and unflinching depiction of contemporary life. Naturalism was characterized by a pessimistic view of humanity and human existence.Major Writers or WorksProse Frank Norris, Jack London, Stephen Crane, Hamlin Garland. Novels Frank Norris McTeague, Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie, Jack Londons The Sea-Wolf, Stephen Cranes Maggie a Girl of the Streets. innovational Period, 1914-1939 Characteristics A period in British and American literature spanning the years between WWI and WWII. Works in this period reflect the changing social, political, and cultural mood and are diverse, experimental, and nontraditional.Major Writers or Works Poetry Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, T. S. Eliot, Edna St. Vincent Millay, e.e. cummings, H. D. Novels Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Sinclair Lewis, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway. DramaEugene ONeills The Emperor Jones, Susan Glaspells, Trifles, Clifford Odets. Harlem Renaissance, 1920s and 1930s Characteristics The Harlem Renaissance was the first major burgeoning of visual, literary, and performing arts by African Americans concerned with African-American life, art, culture, and politics. The influence of the Harlem Renaissance remained strong for the remainder of the 20th century.Major Writers or Works Poetry Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay. Prose W. E. B DuBois, Jean Toomer. Novels Zora Neale Hurston, Nella Larsen, Passing, Jessie Redmon Fauset, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay. Drama Randolph Edmonds, Langston Hughes.Lost Generation, 1920s Characteristics After WWI, a group of American writers grew increasingly disenchant by, and resistant to, what they saw as hypocrisy in dominant American ideology and culture. Many of these writers left America in search of a more artistic life in London or Paris. Major Writers or WorksPoetry Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot. Prose Gertrude Stein, T. S. Eliot. NovelsF. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises. stick around Writers, 1950s Characteristics Beat Writers writing was generally anti-traditional, anti-establishment, and anti-intellectual. Major Writers or Works Poetry Allen Ginsbergs Howl, Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Prose Gertrude Stein, T. S. Eliot. Novels William Burroughs, Jack Kerouacs On the Road. Postmodern or Contemporary, 1940-present Characteristics In British and American literature, the postmodern period refers to literature written after WWII.The postmodern period reflects anxieties concerning, and reactions to life in the 20th century. Postmodern works are often passing experimental and anti-conventional. Major Writers or Works Poetry Sylvia Plath, Marianne Moore, Robert Penn Warren, Anne S exton, Gwendolyn Brooks, Adrienne Rich, Philip Larkin. Prose Eudora Welty, Raymond Carver, John Cheever, Alice Walker.Novels Saul Bellow, Ralph Ellison, John Updike, Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. , Richard Wright, Thomas Pynchon, E. L Doctorow, James Baldwin, Toni Morrison. Drama Edward Albee, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Lorraine Hansberry, August Wilson, David Mamet.

Dramatic and relevant to a modern audience Essay

Lots of the characters under go personal development for example Reverend Hale, who at first is all to eager to shout witch entirely in the end is truly disbelieving. My personal belief is that the events ar a testament of how people shouldnt brook in a social coordinate that is overly tight. A crucible is a metal container in which metals are melted to extract their pure element from the impurities. This can easily be joined to the play first witches supposedly boil potions in cauldrons and a synonym for cauldron is crucible.Secondly, it has a metaphorical meaning the society of Salem is being heat up and stirred in an attempt to remove the impurities and leave only the pure members of the society. An artificial Noahs Ark, as it were, however this plan backfires some. comport 1 principally revolves around Abigail and the girls being caught dancing in the woods. The drinking of blood is supposedly a charm to kill Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail wants to be with Proctor after Eliz abeth kicked her out for having an participation with Proctor I know that you clutched my back out side your house and sweated like a stallion when ever I come near, or did I dream that?It is she put me out, you cannot pretend it were you. I saw your face when she put me out. You loved me then and you do now Abigail Proctor is fighting an internal struggle we know that on one side he wants to be with Abigail because Looking at Abigail now, the faintest suggestion of a knowing smile on his face Stage direction further we also know that he feels very guilty about Elizabeth I mean to please you Elizabeth Proctor However, he does tell Abigail that he wants nothing to a greater extent to do with her Abby, I may have thought of you softly from time to time.But I provide cut off my hand before I reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched Abby. Proctor All the time this encounter has been in occurrence, sexual tension is building in the auditory modality. They are also learning about Proctors and anti-hero characteristics. We learn that his name is not entirely white. He is not perfect, and the same applies to most of the characters, they all have good and crappy points. I think there are two important points here. One is that Abigail is act to seduce Proctor with seductive language, and two Betty is only pretending to be inert.She would have heard all of this, and that is most likely the reason behind her getting up and trying to jump out of the window. Also in stand for 1 Abigail threatens marry Warren, Betty and the other girls against telling anyone anything Let any of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you and you know I can do it I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down Abigail It is here that we learn just how aggressive and manipulative that Abigail really is.She was trying to manip ulate Proctor and now she is being extremely aggressive and even explicit towards the girls. We can tell that this is a frantic and tense moment on stage by the over average use of exclamation marks and use of short sentences. We can also see physical violence from Abigail as she violently shakes Betty around. Visually this would be interesting for the audience, creating both anger and tension. There is contrast in the loud violence of this moment to the quiet seduction from Abigail before.Act 2 contrasts from the end of Act 1, in the fact that it is a calm and peaceful scene, over the loud fear-driven hysteria of the end of Act 1. Proctor comes rest home from seeding his farm late at night, and he sits down to eat, with Elizabeth. From the general feel of the scene we can gather that the common room of Proctors house is cold, empty and unwelcoming. This parallels with the kindred between John and Elizabeth. Theres is a great amount of tension between the pair, and they idly make chit-chat at the table, as they feel they take away to Proctor Pray now for a good summer.Elizabeth Aye It should be noted that it is Proctor who is trying to make conversation Elizabeth is spoiling his attempts with one-word answers. Proctor is feeling scotch because Elizabeth is not acknowledging that Proctor is trying his hardest to repair the relationship. He is forever claiming his desire to please Elizabeth I mean to please you Elizabeth. Proctor I believe that the audience would to be getting frustrated with Elizabeth not forgiving him. The tension in the audience would also rise, due to the complete lack of any sexual tension.Arthur Millers The melting pot raised issues that were as relevant in the 1950s as they were today. The idea of conformity will always exist. People who define this ideologies and beliefs by which groups of people live will always exist. As will accusations made towards one group from another group, to solve their problem, or help their cause. Arthu r Millers play took on some very strong issues, that are still relevant to date, it is one that cannot be ignored because of Millers ability to touch issues and themes that have plagued mankind all through history, and will refer to do so in the future.

Discuss the Significance of Names in of Mice and Men Essay

As seen in the book Of Mice and Men, author thaumaturgy Steinbeck uses a range of different names for his character, but as it seems, it is not just a coincidence that they are named this way. Steinbeck uses these specific names to match personality of a character and to lay down the significance of these characters to the society. Many characters names begin with a C for example Candy, Crooks, Curley, to create a direct reference to Cain a nomad from the bible who was cursed by God that he would never be able to prove down because of his wrongdoings for power, this signifies that the characters and Cain have a similarity they are not able to settle down but are forced to keep moving from virtuoso area to another.Curleys Wife, is perhaps the most major female character that is essential to the story, but has no name in the book. The most obvious boldness as to why Steinbeck has decided to do this is because he is using a historical reference to the American community, where woman were considered to be a mans possession. When they had them previews I coulda went to them, an spoke in the radio, an it wouldnta cost me a cent because I was in the pitchers. In the book, Curleys Wife has a dream/ thirst to have her name known as an icon, however, the results were that she had married a nobody which makes her an even smaller existence to the society and the world. We can come to a polish that Curleys wife is unnamed because Steinbeck reflects her comp permite lack of individual identity.Lennie Small, one of the two most major and necessary characters in the storyline, has a very ironical name. Lennie is short for Leonard or abbreviated to Leo has a definition of lion, has symbolizes courage, rulership and strength, which is a complete opposite of Lennies character. Small is also an addition to the irony, where Steinbeck uses this to emphasize his huge physical appearances. I dont want no trouble, dont let him sock me George. As seen in the book, Lennie is a cow ard, as he has a huge body and strength, yet doesnt know how to defend himself in certain situations and cannot stand-up for himself. shorten is perhaps the most unique characters passim the whole book. The reason as to why Steinbeck has decided to name this character in this way is to reflect on the American society (similar to Curleys wifes reasoning) as to where people were depressing and rarely had a reason to laugh or be positive nub that his physical appearance as being a tall skinny man refers to this. Slim however, is often thought as a hero, and thinks deeply about his actions toward other people as seen in chapter 6 where Slim out of all men goes over to check on Curleys Wifes lifeless body. Then Slim went quietly over to her, and he felt her wrist. One lean finger touched her check, and then his hand went under her slightly twisted neck and his fingers explored her neck. In other words, Slims naming is decided on to reflect and perhaps to criticize the American society at the time.Carlson, is the complete opposite of Slim, with Carl meaning man or manly and son meaning son, creating a definition of mans son. Carlson as seen in the earlier parts of the story is seen to show no respect or value to Candys dog because of its putrid odor, not considering that the pet could be Candys only companion, show that his character is arrogant and selfish. Carlsons name is also decided to reflect on the American society, where his physical appearance also represents the average man. Carlson stepped back to let Slim precede him, and then the two of them went out the door. Nonetheless, Carlson shows in chapter 2 that he pays respect to the more superior than him, in this case to Slim, as he precedes back to let Slim past by. In conclusion, the names of characters in Of Mice and Men are not just coincidences. In fact, the names John Steinbeck have chosen are to symbolize and signify certain images and personalities and sometimes to criticize the American society, therefore, names in Of Mice and Men are also a great significance to the story.

Terminal and Intrumental Values

You hold the key to your own mind and imagination and its better for people to understand that so theyre able to move on in the future. Inner Harmony, Self-Respect and wisdom are definitely the most important to me because they encourage mental and spiritual growth. screw many people arent religious but spiritual doesnt always have to be put in that context. Mean it in a more wiz with your mind, one with your body kind of way. Im not a person who is god with expressing her feelings through speech, I like to analyze privately and observe things.I am more of a reserved person unless Im in my comfort zone. Being comfortable with yourself could make you feel comfortable any and everywhere. Values like world peace and comparison are definitely important, its just that to me, theyre only possible if EVERYONE in the world IS at peace within themselves, and at the rate were traveling Im not positive(predicate) if well get there anytime soon. I dont value social recognition at all it hind ers a person to do things only to be noticed. Its okay to insufficiency to make a change, but dont seek outside opinions for approval. It isnt that important what others think of you.You should focus on your own peppiness and positive contribution to the world. I normally value qualities I dont yet possess, which explains why Im mostly talking about the Terminal values. I feel like the instrumental values are somewhat much qualities everyone possesses whether they know it or not, so I didnt find the need to elaborate on them. Im hoping to someday reach peace within myself or inner-harmony because I believe that the key to happiness, self-respect because essential to inner harmony, and wisdom because its necessary for clear understanding.

Broadcasting Innovations

COMMERCIAL radio bare in the United States began just fifty years ago, in 1920. By 1925 there were 3 million radios in American homes. By 1940 these had increased to over 45 million, and now there are an estimated 275 million radios in the United States. That is more than one radio per person Indeed, radio beam has been an anchor of the oldest technology of information sharing in history. In Australia there is a unique system of broadcasting.As in most other countries, however, there is the usual commercial broadcasting arrangement, Australia having more than one hundred commercial radio place. Since the stations are dependent upon the advertisers, the advertisers to a great extent determine the type of program. When the programs are slanted toward the majority preference, the quality can deteriorate. Today, as technology opens up its doors to wider array of choices, radio broadcasting systems has also been subjected to the huge changes.As the Internet becomes widely available to almost everyone in the world, it is also a challenge for radio broadcasting companies to create organizations available through the said innovative design of technology. One of the questions needed to be considered regarding this issue is the possibility of putting up a realistic radio broadcasting company. Truly, a physically structured broadcasting company has a better chance of being controlled.On the other hand, a virtual broadcasting company has a wider scope of audiences, making it possible for broadcasting activities to reach a wider array of listeners thus making the broadcasting activity more workable and effective in many terms. In terms, a physically structured broadcasting company is beneficial, but a virtual company would be more effective for a broadcasting job to reach the vast population who would find it interesting to appreciate the service offered by broadcasting companies.Surely, broadcasting companies who would take on to face the challenge of creating a virt ual company should gain necessary knowledge on the applications needed to pursue such an organization. Bibliography Sterling Quinlan. Inside first principle American Broadcasting Companys rise to power. Hastings House. Hilary Potkewitz. (2005). Coming together networks dive into new media formats. (American Broadcasting Companies Inc. ties up with Apple Computer Inc. ). Thompson Gale.

To What Extent Was Whig/Liberal Dominance 1846-68 a Result of Their Free Trade Agenda

To what extent was Whig/ openhanded dominance in the gunpoint 1846-68 a result of their promiscuous trade ag terminationa? Between the geezerhood 1846 and 1868, the Conservative let outy was only in power for a total of just under four years 1852, 1858-97 and 1866-68. Throughout these short-lived periods, they were never adequate to achieve a majority and this illustrates and defines the extent of Whig/ broad(a) dominance in this period.Their dominance was without doubt partially as a result of their free-trade agenda, but some different performers, such as other policies the sort do in this period, the gravitation of the Peelites towards the Whigs, the growth of popular good-lookingism, the work of specific individuals and the weaklyness of the Conservatives also caused their dominance in this period. Whig/ panoptic dominance in the period 1846-68 was, without doubt, caused to some extent as a result of their free trade agenda.In 1849 the Navigation doings, which res tricted the nationality of ships carrying British trade, were abolished, thereby causing a huge increase in the number of ships carrying British trade and thus, an increase in British exports. The Companies drawals of 1858 and 1862 played vital roles in bringing much investment into Britain as they limited the liability of the fair shareholder and laid out precise rules for companies about their registration and accounts. In the period 1859-65, whilst Gladstone was Chancellor of the Exchequer, income tax was reduced from 9d in the pound to 6d in the pound, and only payable by those earning over ? 00 per annum. This meant that ordinary people had more bills in their pocket to spend and put back into the British economy. Gladstone also managed to abolish paper duties in 1861, meaning that the cost of newspapers and magazines fell and ordinary people were able to buy them. He also worked consistently to remove almost all duties on imported goods into Britain. Finally, the Cobden-C hevalier treaty, signed in 1860, was an integral part of the Whig/ good-lookings free trade agenda in this period.Anglo-French relations had been strained in the years leading up to 1860 with French expansion into Italy, and Gladstone agreed with free trader Richard Cobden that signing a free-trade treaty with France would ease the political tension. He was right, and the treaty helped to double British exports to France in the next 10 years as it reduced the duties British manufacturers and coal owners had to pay when importing to France. As Philip Magnus writes in his biography of Gladstone, the repeal of so many duties helped to reduce the cost of living. People had more money in their pocket as a result of the Whig/Liberals policy, so naturally bread and buttered them. The free-trade agenda helped the emerging Whig/Liberal caller to win the support of what had become the largest single grouping within the electorate, the pose dividees. This was as a result of the period of p rosperity Britain went through, illustrated by the fact that exports rose by 350% betwixt 1842 and 1873. The Whig/Liberal grouping was in power for a large amount of this period of prosperity, and so got the credit for it with the electorate.The free-trade agenda was also an important grammatical constituent in causing Whig/Liberal dominance because it united the grouping. Within the grouping, there were Whigs, Liberals, Peelites and Radicals, representing all shades of the political spectrum from centre-right (Whigs) to left (Radicals) . They were seen as a curious amalgam as a result of their different political standpoints, and the unity which the issue of free trade gave the group was vital in keeping it strong and together. The dominance of the Whig/Liberal grouping from 1846-68 was also caused by the other policies the grouping made in this period.They pursued a sensible social policy which affected many areas of life. They made vaccination compulsory to try and eradicate s mallpox, and introduced a Factory Act in 1853 which limited operative hours for women and children. The Smoke Abatement Act of 1853 played a major part in cutting down on coal and other fumes which were dirtying the air and affecting the environment. The 1857 Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act allowed divorce through regular courts. This made divorce accessible to all, because previously divorces could only be granted in the House of Lords, which was hugely expensive.The Offences against the Person Act of 1861 helped to clarify criminal law and made many parts of it more humane. Finally, the state grant to education increased radically to ? 1. 3 million by 1862, helping to improve the education that children received. The other main area of policy which helped the dominance of the Whig/Liberal grouping was their military posture towards the non-conformists. As I put one across mentioned above, the middle class had become the largest single grouping within the electorate and many of them were non-conformist.The Anglican Church had a monopoly over religion in Britain, despite the fact that the religious Census of 1851 showed that almost half the church-goers in England were non-conformists. Therefore, the Whig/Liberals decided to tackle the issue. Their pressure during the 1850s forced universities to open their doors to everyone, not just Anglicans. As John Vincent writes in The governance of the British Liberal ships company The non-conformist communityhad of course traditionally looked to the old Whig ships companythat allegiance was now potentially available to the Liberal Party. The Whig/Liberals, with their positive attitude towards non-conformist grievances, helped win their support, adding to their dominance in this period. However, as Duncan Watts argues, (Palmerstons) ministry had no obvious domestic policy at all. The Government in this period actually made hardly a(prenominal) significant policy changes, and this leads on to my next point. Th e Conservative Party, as shown often throughout history, thrive when they are able to persuade the electorate that the opposition party have radical tendencies. In this case, nothing of note occurs so the Conservatives were unable to portray the Whig/Liberals being at all radical.This contributed to their weakness in this period. The sustained weakness of the Conservatives in this period also helped to cause Whig/Liberal dominance. As hygienic as the fact that they were unable to portray the Whig/Liberal grouping as radical, they were also weak for a number of other reasons. Firstly, they held limited electoral appeal. This was primarily because they followed a very unpopular policy in the form of protectionism defending the interests of the landed classes. This was highlighted in Disraelis Budget of 1852 which, while pleasing the Conservative backbenchers with its tax breaks on malt, was not popular with anyone else.Also, as Robert Stewart writes, The Conservative Party was, and suffered electorally for being, firmly tied to the awkward community. The middle classes, in the main, lived in urban areas and the Conservative focus on the countryside did not serve them well. They had poor party unity, and had a big problem in broadening their appeal without losing their traditional support. If they had been able to shed their protectionist reputation and improve their image, then they may have gained some non-conformist middle-class support, but they were not able to and so the Whig/Liberals dominated the period 1846-68. For a generation after the repeal of the Corn Laws, the Conservatives ceased to be a governing party. In 1846, the majority of the talent in the Conservative Party the Peelites defected to the Whigs in protest at the partys refusal to commit to freer trade. This meant that the Conservatives were left with no obvious leader making them even little of an electoral threat to the Whig/Liberals, but more importantly giving numbers and talent to the Whigs as the Peelites gravitated towards them. The gravitation of the Peelites towards the Whigs is clearly another important cause of Whig/Liberal dominance in the years 1846-68. At any moment any or all of them (the Peelites) would have been welcomed back into the Conservative ranks or assimilated into the Liberal ranks. (Philip Magnus). However, the Conservatives, with their protectionist leanings (as illustrated in the 1852 Budget with tax breaks for the rich) were unattractive to the Peelites, who saw free trade as a key issue. In contrast, the Whigs were far more receptive to free trade, and the Peelites plant cohabitation not entirely distasteful (Eric Evans) when they decided to from a coalition with the Whigs in 1846 after the collapse of the Conservative government.The two groups shared a progressive reputation and a common focus (free trade) so the Peelites decided to join the Whigs. This gave them an edge over the Conservatives both in terms of numbers and tale nt. Finally, the Peelites wanted to be in power, and realised that the Conservatives were unpopular amongst the electorate, so gravitated towards the Whigs and aided their dominance in the period 1846-68. A fifth key aspect which helps to explain Whig/Liberal dominance in 1846-68 s the role of key individuals, particularly Palmerston, Gladstone and Bright. Firstly, Lord Palmerston was instrumental in setting up the Willis Rooms meeting at which the Liberal Party was officially formed out of the Whigs, Peelites, Liberals and Radicals. Secondly, his immense appealand powerful presence (Stephen Lee) helped to keep the coalition together in its infancy between 1859 and 1865, as well as the fact that he managed to keep all the factions happy because they were all represented in the Cabinet.The fact that to the man in the street, he personified British patriotism (i. e. Palmerstons popularity with the electorate), gave the coalition time to fuse. Palmerstons conservative approach to dome stic policy made him difficult for the Conservatives to oppose because they could not portray him as perilously radical. H However, also very important was Palmerstons death, which allowed for a truly Liberal party to grow under Gladstone, as Palmerstons policies were not particularly liberal. Gladstone himself is another key individual.He breathes life into the dry bones of the Liberal Party (Paul Adelman) and this was as a result a number of reasons, in the first place during his time as Chancellor (1852-55 and 1859-65). He gained support for the Whig/Liberal grouping with his successful and very popular Budgets. This support came both from the middle classes with his promise to end income tax and general position of aiding free trade, and from the working class with his removal of tariffs on things like paper, which made newspapers accessible to them.His rhetoric spoke well of the working classes, and his noises about parliamentary reform also helped him gain their support. Hi s reputation for sound finance helped him to win the respect of many independent backbench MPs. His sophisticated knowledge, oratorical accomplishment and hard work impressed Parliament and the electorate, whilst he gave to popular Liberalism an identifiable public face with which the Liberal electorate could easily associate (Winstanley), thus helping their dominance in this period. The final key individual who aided the Whig/Liberal groupings dominance is John Bright, leader of the Radicals.He persuaded all the members of the diverse grouping which were the Radicals to come to the Willis Rooms Meeting in 1859 and eventually to become a part of the Liberal party. He also gave Gladstone his full support as Bright believed that Gladstone would the most progressive leader when Palmerston died, which would be advantageous to the Radicals. To this end, he persuaded Gladstone to cultivate non-conformist links, as well as links with the freshly emerging Labour elite, in order to popular ise himself outside of the House of Commons.Bright also persuaded various other groups, such as the non-conformists, trade unionists and other Radicals to support Gladstone. This was also because he wanted to ensure Gladstone became leader after Palmerston, and all this explains why Donald Read writes Bright, as much as Gladstone, created the Gladstonian Liberal Party. As shown from the evidence above, key individuals played a major part in the dominance by the Whig/Liberals between 1846 and 1868.A final key factor which caused Whig/Liberal dominance in the period 1846-68 was the growth of popular Liberalism and grass-roots support for it. John Vincent believed that the tail was leading the head that is to say the Whig/Liberal dominance in government was as a result of grassroots support, not the other way round. He thought that this growth was as a result of tether main factors the creation of a cheap daily provincial press, the growth of militant non-conformism, and the rise of organised labour (John Vincent).The growth of a cheap press, mainly dominated by Liberal politicians (e. g. the Baines family with the Leeds Mercury) meant that the Liberals message could be spread across the country, and thus helped to build up an articulate, self-conscious, provincial Liberalism which helped the dominance of the Whig/Liberals no end. The non-conformists were lively to place their wealth, their votes a bloc of 87 non-conformists MPs were returned in 1865 together with their influence, their zeal and their organising ability at the disposal of the Liberal Party (John Vincent).This meant that the Whig/Liberals gained all the implemental features mentioned above as a result of the growth of militant non-conformity, and this helped their position of dominance. The rise of organised labour also helped the Whig/Liberal because, as Vincent suggests, to vote Liberal was closely tied to the growing ability of whole new classes to stand on their own feet the people of organised labour saw the Whig/Liberals as the party to represent them, and thus the Whig/Liberals gained support and votes from this section of the electorate.Thus we can see that the growth of popular Liberalism was a key factor in the Whig/Liberals dominance in 1846-68. To conclude, it is obvious that all the factors mentioned above had an important role to play in causing the dominance of the Whig/Liberal grouping. The gravitation of the Peelites towards the Whigs is a key factor because it unplowed the Conservatives weak in this period. The role of key individuals was also vital because this meant the grouping followed an agenda of free trade, thus winning middle class support.Middle class support was also won with other policies the grouping followed, such as their addressing of non-conformist grievances. The role of key individuals also helped the growth of popular Liberalism because it meant that the electorate had familiar, popular faces to associate the party with. It can also be argued that what the Whig/Liberals didnt do was crucial to their dominance because they followed a moderate policy, meaning that the Conservatives were unable to portray them as radical.Thus, dominance is both as a result of factors inside Parliament and outside Parliament, but it is clear that the moderate policies and free trade agenda is the most important factor in the Whig/Liberal dominance because the moderate policies and free-trade agenda won the support of the middle classes, made the party popular at grassroots level, meant that the Tories could not portray the grouping as dangerously radical and meant that the Peelites felt that the Whigs were more suitable for them to join than the Conservatives.Thus, free trade and moderate policies is the most important cause of Whig/Liberal dominance between the years 1846 and 1868.

Employee retention Essay

Employee retention is very important to organizations. If employees elicit not be retained, the company leave behind have to invest money for training new employees judgment of conviction and time again. The cost of replacing an employee is high not only financially, but in harm of lost productiveness, the time taken by the employer to go through the resumes and the cost incurred to conduct interviews. The best away to avoid this costly affair is to focus on the retention of employees as otherwise it will have a castigating effect on the organization as a whole. By taking a direct at the past it is possible to avoid the mistake of losing your central operating powers in the future.When an employee leaves the organization, the employer must(prenominal) make it a point to conduct exit interviews to endure the reason for him to quit the organization.(pg 161 Dessler) The employers real skill lies in identifying the real motive of the employee to quit the organization, because most of the employees reveal the false reasons. At the same time he/she must as headspring equally concentrate on the rest of the employees who have not yet left and indulge in casual talk to keep their morale high.Turnover can be a positive process when an employer manages to bring new recruits, along with their new ideas and vigor into the organization. Yet, unmanaged employee turnover can easily steal your companys knowledge family, profits and competitive edge in the market. With todays high employment levels, organizations that dont actively manage turnovers impact, find that the balance of power has shifted from the employer to the employee. Excessive turnover is often a symptom of fundamental problems within the business.Its critically important to retain them to do this one must know what motivates an employee to stay at a particular company. The top two reasons employees stay with a company are (1) they feel the company forethoughts about them and (2) they feel their work efforts are important to the growth of the company. (Saxby) Many companys make the mistake of thinking base salary is the only aspect of a retention plan for important employees. Employee morale is more important than money.Family-friendly policies are the blending of family and work, which has increased significantly in the last 20 years. This phenomenon has created a need for growing interest in workplace policies and programs to enableworkers to balance their work and family responsibilities. Corporations seeking to attract new employees and clasp onto their existing work force are attempting to be creative with the promise of tractile schedules, flexible take ins, job sharing, onsite day-care facilities, telecommuting, special deals on parental leave, generous family health care packages and numerous additional individualized incentives that respond to the work- and home-life balance. The appearance of family-friendly policies help employees balance their lives between work and their families.That can mean higher productivity, better morale, and fewer turnovers among staff. To humanize the work setting it would be appropriate to set up day-care facilities at working companies. This gives the working parents the security that their child is being taken care of within the same premises. Not only will it benefit the parent, but also the company, for it would make the company more prosperous. Such cases in which parents would stay later(a) the parent could finish their work without any worries. Establishing a day-care center will cause no worries for the parent in finding a babysitter, reduce absentees or tardiness of the employees, and parents would be able to spend time with their children.Another retention method used is flexible work schedules. The impact flexible work schedules have had on organizations have been quite positive, benefiting both the employer and the employee. Such benefits include increase in productivity, employee retention, motivati on, and a decrease in absenteeism, tardiness, stress, and turnovers. Companies that have successfully select this method include Hewlett-Packard, Baxter International, Nabisco, and Dupont, among others. Do flexible work arrangements really improve employee retention? A recent survey, sponsored by the American Institute of Certified macrocosm Accountants (AICPA), found that CPAs on flex become more efficient with their time and, because they are grateful for the arrangement, work harder. More than 80 percent of the CPAs surveyed, reported that if their flexible work arrangement had not been approved, they would have left the firm. (PCPS)Flexible benefit plans can be a positive resource for retaining employees. Employers that provide flexible benefit plans show the desire to increaseemployees loyalty to the company. In an increasingly tight labor market and faced with the necessity of operating as efficiently as possible, in order to remain competitive, employers view the flexible b enefit plan as a tool to enhance employee morale. Flexible benefit plans are also used to improve employer-employee relationships, reduce overall costs of providing benefits, and reduce the incidence of employee turnover.Compensation issues focus on the diversity of worker needs, pay-for-performance plans, and the regulation of employee benefit plans. flexibility and adaptability in HRM practices are primary keys in addressing worker needs. Job sharing, staggered scheduling and flextime are some of the outcomes generated by creative approaches to HRM practices. Pay-for-performance plans hold the allure of rewarding productivity while providing monetary motivation. Successful implementation of such practices, however, requires effective performance evaluations. Incentive pay plans can be advantageous to both the employer as well as the employee.The success of an incentive pay plan depends on the organizational climate in which it must operate, employee confidence in it, and its suit ability to employee and organizational needs. Importantly, employees must view the incentive plan to be equitable and related to their performance. Performance measures should be quantifiable, easily understood, and bear a demonstrated relationship to organizational performance. The role of Human vision Management must constantly be refined to add greater value to an organization. HRM has a responsibility to employees to provide for their long-term schooling and a commitment to continuously afford employees with opportunities for personal and professional advancement.Today, many companies are providing incentives for employees to stay with the firm and allowing them to share in the growth of the company. One major(ip) concern employers often have is whether or not the resources committed to employee development will benefit business performance. That concern however, should not discourage corporations from offering assistance to employees. If a business has the time, wherewithal and the know-how to aid and assist its employees, it should, by all means, do so. As the turnover rate continues to rise to its highest levels in nearly a decade, its goodto know that finding, hiring and keeping the right people can be accomplished today with more than just subjective observation, opinion and emotion.Dessler, Gary. Human Resource Management. Prentice Hall, 2003.PCPS NEWS RELEASES,http//www.pcps.org/member/releases_may22_02.html,2002Saxby ,David. What Can Retailers Do About Employee Turnover? http//www.measure-x.com/tips/empturnover.html

Hotel Rwanda Term Paper Essay

1. If you were in the situation of Paul, how far would you go to protect your countrymen, when you know very well that this go forth cost you the liveliness of your family? Will you abandon your family to palliate the lives of others? = If I will put myself in Pauls situation, I think, I would answer and protect my countrymen as desire as I lay most and as long as Im living. But first Im going to ensure my familys safety before I gamble my life. If I die for the sake of others, it will looked like I aband one(a)d my family merely truly its not, beca riding habit in the situation, I think they will surely conceive me why am I going to sacrifice myself still to protect and save others life who solo depends on me. Its not that I prefer to die than to live with my family, but I in like manner believe that life lived for others is worth living, like our perfection who gave His scarcely Son for the sake of us all. God gave me life not just for my family but as well as for oth er people. Honestly, Not only your family makes your world but also the other people around you.And I cannot take to see those people struggling and demise then I just do nothing. Especially when I know that im the only one who can protect them. I know I cannot save everyone because im just only human but somehow, i know i did something I can. 2. In the ensuing violence, the outside(a) community and the government was forced to pull its foreign emissaries to safety. This included officials providing aid and relief such as the UN and the Red Cross. Do you think that the government and the international communitys decision to remove its employees from the ikon of the fight were ethical, despite the fact that the natives rely on these organizations for aid and protection? Justify your answer victimisation one ethical theory that weve discussed in class. = It is true that the goverment became selfish about their decision of forcing the foreign emissaries to depart and put themselve s into safety even if they know that theres no other people who can help the natives except them. But we cant deny the fact that those foreign emissaries were not knotty in the war and so, their prevail must be saved, thats why, what they confirm done was ethical.By the use of the theory called Egoism, which means things or actions can be moral or ethical if it will acquire ones interest and will care about your own value, it can be proved that it was ethical to saved only the whites because theres nothing wrong of saving your own race and disregard the others even though it would be so wrong in the other peoples eyes. To better understand this situation, try to put yourself in their place and surely you will only save yourself and your race. But we can still that it is an ethical egoistic act. 3. The struggle between the Hutus and the Tutsis of Rwanda was allegedly due to the commotion of the Belgian and other Western colonizers, who have created this kind of caste system (Hut u and Tutsi) in the first place. Do you think that the colonizers were the party to inculpation in the violence that occurred? Why? = Yes no one should be blame but them because if they didnt create that caste system, the Hutus and Tutsis would only be one race with no insecurities and no superior.And therefore, there would be no occurence of violence. Because of that caste system, the diversity occured between the two race by their physical characteristics,The Tustsi became superior that made the Hutus started the slaughter in their country due to their rage or fury. And so, the Colonizers were the one to be blame. 4. The genocide in Rwanda is not a unique case. In fact, it is reminiscent of the Holocaust during the national socialist era and the religious struggle between Pakistan Muslims and Indian Hindus. How do you think will genocide be prevented in the future? = Genocide usually occur because of having insecurities between different race by physical, identity element or po sition in the society and power. And no other resolution for this but to be contented in yourself. You must make a change within yourself.Let us avoid discrimination that will cost anger and revenge because this simple revenge will lead to a large-mouthed trouble and war. We must also face the problem that we see without using violent ways and we will somehow work it out by proper conversation. Finding quietness within yourself could also help us to prevent genocide, it will help you not to bad things especially to kill lives.If you know what peace is, you will surely want it and once you want it, you will make a way to have it. We must also respect each other, know every peoples worth so that , if you are one of the soldiers or the one who is involved, you would realize that life is so important. And of course, the goverment holds the big responsibility about this, so I think they must be friend with other nation, the world must develop together. And the soldiers must know wher e are they for, because if they are for peace, then why is there war? they must also know their limitation.

Birth Order and Aggressive Behavior Essay

filchThe purpose of this research is to determine if parturition order correlates to a demonstration of aggressiveness in kindergarten vulcanised children. It is hypothesized that middle born children testament demonstrate the most aggressive tendencies, last born children would experience slight than the first born, and only children would have the least when compared to all otherwise digest orders. This quasi-experimental methodology pass on remove a field study of children from the ten kindergarten classes at the Seoul American Elementary School (SAES). Teachers will be asked to complete the Child Behavior Scale (CBS) inventory on each child, used to standard six behavior categories related to aggression. Each CBS inventory will include birth data for the learner whose behavior was accompanyd. The findings are anticipate to show a correlation between birth order and a tendency toward aggression.INTRODUCTIONEveryone who is born into a family arrives relative to other children who have already been born or will be at some point in the future or perhaps as an only child. yield order does not permanently mark each child such as race or gender, but it can impact on the way a person responds to the environment. there have been a number of studies do on the relationship of birth order to constitution, intelligence, anxiety and other characteristics with the belief that each child born into a family is treated differently based on their birth order, family interaction and subsequent challenges.Some birth order theorists believe that a childs smirch in the family greatly influences their personality characteristics which directly affect their behavior both inside and outside of the household (Morales). Not every theorist has the same view and there are those that believe a mental birth order has more impact than the physical birth order on the development of personality characteristics (Campbell, White & Stewart, 1991).In his book, Born to Rebel, Frank Sulloway describes how birth order influences our lives in many different shipway from achievement to rebellion and from conformity to creativity (The Edge, 1998). piece of music firstborns and laterborns are not much different in overall levels of creativity, the differences in how that creativity is exercised is very different. Firstborns are more likely to win the Nobel Prize by intellectual achievement within the system while the younger siblings will be more given up to accept radical innovations in science and social though.His findings showed that revolutionaries and those who supported them were disproportionately likely to be later-borns (Sulloway, 1999). While not every social scientist agreed with Sulloways research (Harris, 1995 e.g., Falbo, 1997 ), others conducted follow-up studies that confirmed the original findings (Zweigenhaft & Ammon, 2000), and Freese, Powell & steelman discovered measures in addition to birth order to help explain reasons for various behaviors (1999).This study hopes to ca-ca on previous research to determine whether a correlation exists between birth order and a childs tendency to demonstrate aggressiveness.METHODCoordination with the Seoul American Elementary School (SAES), a Department of Defense Dependent School located on Yongsan Army Base, Yongsan, Seoul, Korea, will be done to get permission for the study. Permission from the school and the parents of the children selected will be obtained prior to the start of this study.PARTICIPANTSThis study will be conducted in the classroom during normal school hours for all students attending the ten full sidereal day Kindergarten classes at SAES during a specified 30 day period of the school year. There will be approximately 360 students for this study with an equal number of girls and boys, with 45% of the class comprised of Asian-Americans, 20% African-Americans, 15%Latin-Americans and the remainder Caucasians. appliance/MATERIALSTeachers will be provided the C hild Behavior Scale (CBS) inventory as a means to judge aggressive, prosocial, and withdrawn behaviors of children ages 5-6 years of age. The CBS contains 59 items for which the teacher must respond using a 3-point response ordered series (1=doesnt apply, 2=applies sometimes, 3=certainly applies) (Ladd & Profilet, 1996). The CBS measures six categories of behavior as follows aggressiveness with peers, prosocial behavior with peers, extrusion by peers, asocial behavior with peers, hyperactive-distractible behavior, and anxious-fearful behavior. Copies of the CBS inventory and permission for its use will be obtained from its author, Dr. Gary Ladd, at genus Arizona State University (an email request has been sent copy of email attached).PROCEDURETeachers from the 10 Kindergarten classes will observe their students for a specified 30 days during the school year, completing the CBS inventory for each student during that time. The teacher will indicate the birth order of the child on t he completed inventory which will hence be turned in to the SAES front office to be picked up by the study group.RESULTSThe expected results will validate the hypothesis that middle born children will tend to demonstrate more aggressive behavior than either first born, last born or only children. Tables are expected to be used for this study and will include a listing of the CBS subscale items related to firstborn, middleborn, lastborn and onlyborn, further identified by girl and boy. An example followsDISCUSSIONApart from the effects of birth order, there is little information roughly the ways in which the nonshared environment influences human development, mainly because psychologists have not been successful in evolution direct measures of this environment. The challenge for future researchers lies in devising ways to test competing hypotheses that bear on the character and influence of this elusive environment. Peer groups are an important aspect of this type of environmental influence, but so is the family environment and life experiences as well (Sulloway, 98).REFERENCESCampbell, L., White, J., & Stewart, A. (1991). The relationship of psychological birth order to actual birth order. Individual Psychology, 47 380-391.Falbo, T. (1997). To rebel or not to rebel? Is this the birth order question? coetaneous Psychology, 42 938-939.Freese, J., Powell, B., Steelman, L.C., (1999). Rebel without a cause or effect birth order and social attitudes. American Sociological Review, 64 207-231.Harris, Judith Rich. (1995). Where is the childs environment? A group socialization theory of development. psychological Review, 102 458-89.How is Personality Formed? A Talk with Frank J. Sulloway (1998). The Edge Foundation, Inc., Third Culture. Accessed on 13 Feb 2004 at www.edge.org/3rd_culture/sulloway .Ladd, G. & Profilet, S. (1996). The child behavior scale A teacher-report measure of young childrens aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors. Development Psychololg y, 32 (6), 1008-1024.Morales, C. (1994). Birth Order Theory A Case for Cooperative Learning. Journal of Instructional Psychology 21 246-250.Rubin, R. & Hubbard, J. (2003). Childrens verbalizations and cheating behavior during game playing the role of sociometric status, aggression, and gender. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31 65-78.Solo, R., MacLin, M., (2002). experimental Psychology. Boston Allyn & Bacon.Sulloway, F. (1999). Birth Order in Runco, M. & Pritzker, eds., Encyclopedia of Creativity, 1189-202.Zweigenhaft, R., Ammon, J., (2000). Birth Order and Civil noncompliance A Test of Sulloways Born to Rebel Hypothesis. Journal of Social Psychology, 140 624-628.

Emotions and Moods Essay

When we try to understand what makes a cracking attraction, or behaviors from leaders that beat positive performance and results in an organization, traditional personal attributes such as intelligence, toughness, determination, vision and technical skills, though are actually much required for success, it is not sufficient to be a truly effective leader. As employees go up the ladder emotional intelligence match more important roles on performance than other personal or technical attributesAs a leader, it is of utmost importance that you manage and build relationships with m each people, be well connected and be rightfully interested so that people want to help you in tough times or when in need of a critical resource or expertise. So the Social Skill of a leader helps a long way in building positive performance. A leader also needs to be self-aware of his behaviors and moods, it is a skill of knowing ones true self and how that could affect people almost him, so that he can self-regulate himself and ensure that in any given situation, he always responds positively and does not react.This calmness and maturity the leader brings in to the team, will build confidence and trust in his subordinates and will make them work harder and smarter to not repeat mistakes and give their best to achieve higher results. A leader need to empathize with other people, this is extremely important when working with cross cultural teams where sagacity of each others behaviors could make or break projects. This is a skill of treating people as per their moods, behaviors and reactions to specific situations.This can go a long way in avoiding conflicts, retaining talent and bringing in a sense of understanding with the superior which could lead to sharing new ideas, beliefs etc. and thus possibility up a plethora of opportunities to tap in to their ideas and additionally help in good fight from them which will feed growth. Human beings are biologically designed to be influe nced by external environment. An pollyannaish manager makes everyone feel energetic, while a sour-spirited manager makes work grueling.A managers upbeat mood, which is affirmative, sincere and realistic, will be contagious and one ersons energy transmits signals that can alter the overall wellbeing of others which would drive up their mood. Better mood always results in better performance if channelized in the right way which a good leader is capable of doing. The most effective leaders point mood which is apt for the given situation with a mix of optimism which enables the organization to drive forward with hope. The intragroup work life system, which is the combination of how our perceptions about things around could drive emotions, coupled with our motivation to work could drive positive performance in our everyday life and eventually lead to organizational success.Therefore it is very important as a leader to be aware of his reactions and approach to everyday work events, s o that he doesnt adversely affect any team members but always drive advantageousness and bonding which drives performance. Overall we can state that emotions and moods play a vital role in a behavior of a leader and if the leader wants to be successful, he needs to self-aware, drive positivity with his optimistic mood and be high on emotional intelligence, so that he can tackle any given situation in the rightful manner and in turn see his organization maturing and growing by leaps and bounds.

Agile V. Waterfall

waterf whole to expeditious References Pavolka, R. , Mount, V. , Neymeyr, A. , & Rhodes, C. From f eachs to Rapid Prototyping (2005). Supporting Enterprise-wide Adoption of the Oncourse Collaboration and Learning (CL) Environment at Indiana University. SIGUCCS 05 proceeding of 33rd Annual ACM SIGUCCS Fall Conference, 312 319. Northrop, Robert (2004). The Fall of falls. Intelligent Enterprise 7. 3, 40-41. Adams, John (2013). Change in softwargon program product system Techniques Helps FHLB Reduce Defects. American Banker, Technology Section, Volume 178 No. 3. I. flying v. waterfall Agile schooling Methods (Agile) and the Waterfall Method (Waterfall) atomic number 18 two different styles of figing and managing the Soft Development Life-Cycle (SDLC) within an governing body. Waterfall creation the to a greater extent traditional move up and Agile newly born just twelve years ago, thither is much debate over which approach works best and when. Companies have used Waterfall f or decades of no-hit projects and in most companies the approach has been ingrained into the very fabric of the company.The organization of aggroups and human alternatives in selective cultivation technology (IT) can be anywhere from loosely to entirely based on the method that the organization is using. More and more(prenominal) organizations are starting to see the advantages of Agile now and are questioning ripened methods almost entirely because of the fast-paced duty world of the twenty- startle century. Agile allows an organization to respond to that alter more quickly without sacrificing quality work or customer satisfaction.Waterfall, on the other hand, with its precise plan can offer break in beat management and money savings. In a fast-paced purchase order where the magazine it takes to bring a product to market could mean the difference between success and failure, Agile is making its way into more and more organizations everyday. And, everyday more and more of these organizations are struggling with the counter alteration that is required to adopt Agile methods as well as the woes that this fast-paced bewilderment style set up to the organization. II. What is WaterfallWaterfall is the classical system development model. The model of software development hones its ideas from the manufacturing world. It is based on a piecemeal approach to creating products from the conceptual form to implementation and maintenance. Waterfall focuses its development strategy on the distinct phases of a project concept, design, implementation, testing, instauration, and maintenance. In larger organizations and on larger scale projects these phases of production are much handled by different people and even different teams.Using Waterfall, the concept phase of a project t poles to be the single(a) most important phase. This is the step during which the development team gathers and analyses its customers needs and documents the problem that the softw are solution is expected to solve. The documentation and summary needs to be precise, in depth and even perfect because once the phase is complete there is no turning hazardmodifications to a project, no look what phase its in when the modification or alter order is received, require that the project fall back to the concept phase.While several techniques such as use cases and customer interviews are used to gather this information the results of the analysis and requirements gathering that are carried out in this phase are typically relayed to the next phase in the form of a formal document. This document serves as the sole resource for the team who handles the atomic number 16 phase design. Design entails actually making determinations as to exactly how a team intends to in subsequently phases execute the solution.This is when platforms, programming languages, data storage methodological analysis, equipment types, standards and graphical user interface decisions are made. Design in like manner entails other high-level project decisions on ideas such as how security will be handled and resource management. The design step delivers its decisions on these matters, commonly know as the design specifications to the third phase implementation. executing is very simply put the execution of the requirements in the design specifications document.During this phase, developers actually write the code that cave ins the software system work. Hardware specialists similarly setup the equipment and hardware that are incumbent for the solution. The application is developed, debugged and tested against the design document and once it passes muster, the product is handed off to the next phase testing. Testing is often handled by a quality assurance team. The team upon taking delivery of the product refers back to the documents created during conception and ensures that all of the requirements are satisfied by the solution.This team documents the project and uses bu siness cases or test cases to determine whether the solution actually is the complete solution and whether or non it actually works in its entirety. This team more often than not hands off the functioning solution, its documentation and a user manual to the next phase installation. An installation or delivery team then hands the product over to the customer. This team also often provides formal information to the end-user. Delivery is followed by maintenance. Maintenance of a product usually includes end-user support, debugging of system flaws that are discovered after delivery, and change requests.If Waterfall is executed to the letter of its design, there will be no overlap between the separate phases of the project. Clearly defined timelines for each step are known at the onset of the project and serve as milestones for progress during development. The requirements in a well executed Waterfall project will be so very detailed of point driven that little time is witless in lat er phases on things like re-writing blocks of code or back-and-forths that question equivocalness in understanding on the developers part.It is a tried and true and has advantages such as minimal wasted time and easy handoverhandover of the project or a part of a project in waterfall can be a very smooth process because of all of the documentation that is produced in the analysis and design phases of the project. The documentation can even smooth over team-member attrition. III. What is Agile Agile Software Development is an umbrella for a particular style of development methods that focus on self-organization or cross-functional teams to develop smaller packages of a product more quickly than has been traditionally done.The basis for all of these methods is The Agile manifesto (www. agilemanifesto. org). The author of the manifesto argues that running(a) software, delivered in small packages, delivered in shorter timeframes (weeks not months) by teams who are self-organized and equal to(p) to communicate freely throughout the process with both the customer and other stakeh dodderingers can respond to change and deliver a more effective approach to software development in the volatile business world today.The manifesto declares that individuals and interactions are more important than processes and that following a design document is not as necessary as having the ability to change quickly. Agiles focus is on a rhythmic continuity in the lifecycle of a project. The packages that are delivered tend to be broken down into timeframes as small as a week and generally not more than four weeks long. Customers receive working software continuously and the project is more of a living, breathing software that can overtime change to meet the needs of a rapidly changing marketplace.Agile teams meet frequently, as often as casual to discuss status and approach. Teams focus on reusing code blocks and making decisions about platforms and languages as necessary and with a cave in chance that standards and new technologies wont change or become outdated in the first place delivery takes place. IV. Which is the better way? The question so many teams and organizations are debating regularly these days is which is better Agile or Waterfall? . Both Waterfall and Agile offer benefits and shortcomings and neither can be called universally better or universally out-of-date.The decision must be made based on each organizations and each projects circumstances. Team size can be a significant factor. Waterfall methodology is hard to manage with a small team. Waterfall relies on division of responsibilities and in very small teams this may result in an overwhelming workload for team members. Time to market with Waterfall however, is longer whereas Agile methods can get product to market speedy so if time is a very high priority Agile may be the methodology to use.Indiana University documented a case in which its own IT Training and Education (ITTE) department underwent the change from its old standard Waterfall approach to an Agile methodology. The team started questioning its approach to development of training materials first when its materials started becoming obsolete before they were even delivered. The team found itself being tasked to develop and deliver training materials for a product that it saw as a moving target. It quickly became clear that the old Waterfall methodology would not work given the rapidly changing requirements.The situation required more constant contact with the stakeholders and that the team be able to deliver consistently changing and updated training materials as the system it was training on was an ever-changing system itself. ITTE faced problems in the transition. One such bank vault was changing the mindset of its customer. The teams customer had grown used to having ITTE deliver large Waterfall sized training packages on static, tried and true, well planned, designed, thought-out and fully-functional software systems.The overhaul of it Course Management body (CMS) was, however, being updated constantly and the customer often expressed feeling of being Beta Testers rather than end users. In addition, ITTEs own team members struggled with the behavioral changes that were necessary to adapt in order to make a more Agile model of development work for the team. Communications amongst team members, for example, became more necessary on a more frequent basis. The team also faced the task of training users on a system that was not fully functional.Users were, at times, resistant to the change themselves and found confusion in the fact that incomplete software was being delivered. The users were as accustomed to receiving fully functional systems and training as the ITTE team was used to delivering. ITTE also soon learned it necessary to assign team members exclusively to this project. In the past, the teams Waterfall approach had allowed resources to be more spread out, whereas with t he new Agile approach team members were so consistently involved with the living project that they were necessarily exclusively assigned to the CMS project.With all of the challenges that it faced, ITTE concluded that the change in methodology improved its reputation with the customer. More frequent face time and feedback response made the customer happier. It also concluded that, as a team, ITTE was able to produce more products cheaper, faster and more efficiently using its new approach to the SDLC. A single case, however, cant be used to make a determination for the next company facing this decision. The fact is the remunerate approach to software development is the approach that works best on a case-by-case basis.While Waterfall may still be the best approach for fixed-price, fixed-scope, short-term projects, Agile may be better suited to a project where the scope is expected to creep because of a changing marketplace. And there are teams that have even begun applying Agile met hodologies to a Waterfall approach and vice versa. So perhaps the suppress approach for an organization is to not decide on one or the other for the organization plainly to embrace both Agile and Waterfall methodologies and to learn to apply each appropriately.

Psychology Learning Essay

foundation The following account should probably come under the heading Strange hardly True. It describes a psychologists use of self-administered punishment to change a socially unacceptable air. A person once k newborn a psychologist who, for reasons which will be discovered shortly, shall remain anonymous. For the sake of the study, this person is named Richard. Richard had a bad habit. He chewed his nails. Well, thats non actually correct he chewed his nails off-key and then spit them show up, usually while he was lecturing. Once in a great while, this practice was called to his attention, and it always embarrassed him. He said that he wasnt aware that he was doing it. It had become much(prenominal)(prenominal) an ingrained habit that he could chew off all ten nails, spit in all directions, and still be totally unconscious of what he was doing. Richard was a respected schooling theorist, and he decided that if anyone could devise a behavior-modification technique to elimi nate his habit, he would. The next day he arrived, all smiles, and said he had a request If any of those roughly see him biting his nails, this should be brought to his attention. It wasnt long that before someone said, Uh, Richard, youre doing it.He stop and looked at his nails and said, So I am. Then as everyone was watched, pulled up his shirtsleeve, grabbed hold of a heavy-duty surface band that had wrapped around his wrist joint, stretched it out a distance of about ten inches, and let is go. in that location was a vicious snap. He yelled, cursed, and shook his hand. Everyone looked on amazement. Surely eruditeness theorist were all a little insane. Punishment, he said. Punishment is the answer What happened to the people around Richard was interesting. Some took relish in pointing out that he was biting his snails, just to see him snap the huge rubber band around his wrist new(prenominal)s preferred to ignore his habit, because they couldnt stand to see him in that much pain. Happily, after two days, Richards habit had been broken. One person asked him how he thought his program worked. He said, Well, if I unconsciously bury it. Whenever I was chewing my nails, I administered this punishment. Pretty soon my brain learned that nail chewing giveed in something very un nice. He said that the last time he reached his hand up to his mouth (quite unconsciously), he got a terrible sinking feeling that something awful was about to happen. It made me aware. he said. I looked at my hand and saw it was approaching my mouth. Somewhere deep in my brain the little gray cells were screaming, go intot do it It was reported that some days later Richard was wearing rubber bands around his ankles, but nobody wanted want to ask why (Dworetzky, 1994).Discussion scholarship pervades peoples lives. It is tortuous not only in mastering a new skill or academic emergence but similarly in emotional organic evolution, social interaction, and even personality developm ent. People learn what they fear, what to love, how to be polite, hoe to be intimate, and so on. Given the pervasiveness of learning in lives of people, it is not surprising that there shake off been instances of it how, for example, children to perceive the world around them, to identify with their own sex, and to control their behavior according to adult standards (Atkinson, 1993). However, there is a more systematic analysis of learning. Learning fairthorn be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice behavior change that are overdue to maturation (rather than practice)or temporary conditions of the organism (such as fatigue or drug-induced states) are not included. All cases of learning are not the same though. Psychology is the study of behavior. Psychologists study learning because among most animals, especially humans, the capacious absolute majority of behavior is learned. Learning may also be defined as a relatively permanent chan ge in behavior resulting from experience (Dworetzky, 1988). Experts, however, tell that when somebody says relatively permanent change, this excludes the make of such factors as fatigue. Fatigue, which occurs because of experience, may change behavior, but only temporary, whereas learning implies a more stable change. Learning is defined by Craig et al., as a process through which ones strength or disposition is changed as a result of experience. Whitaker (1972) defines it also as the process by which behavior originates or is altered through experience, while Wittig (in Bernstein et al., 1991) and Hilgard (1975) view it as behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Apparently while learning can be defined as a process and as a product, more definitions stress learning more as a process. This idea suggests that it is not the product but the process that is important since the products of learning both what one is capable of and what one is predisposed to. Changes resulting from development and experience are emphasized changes resulting from maturation such as growing older, innate tendencies like reflexes and conditions caused by fatigue, drugs, and diseases are strictly not considered as learned behavior.Adaptive value of Learning (Classical Conditioning)Overeating Taste-Aversion Learning Taste-aversion learning involves associating particular sensory cues (smells, relishs, sounds or sights), with an un idyllic response, such as nausea or vomiting. Taste-aversion learning can also occur from overindulgence. For example, children report taste aversions to food after overeating and becoming sick. Similarly, the majority of college students report taste versions after drinking too much alcohol and getting sick. In these examples, taste aversions to food or drink developed after a single trial and lasted an average of intravenous feeding to five years (Logue et al., 1981).Conditioned Emotional Response Why a certain Christmas song elicits pleasant chi ldhood memories. In the conditioned emotional response, one feels some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a painful or pleasant event. For example, many couples have a special song that becomes emotionally associated with their relationship. When one in the absence of the other hears this song, it can elicit strong emotional and romantic feelings. In other cases, conditioned emotional responses may develop into illogical fears that are called phobias. A phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense and irrational fear that is out of all proportion to the danger elicited by the object or situation. In comparison, a fear is a realistic response to a threatening situation (Bernstein, 1991). About 73 percent of people with phobias were able to trace the start of their phobias to fearful, painful, or traumatic situations that involved classical learn (Atkinson et al., 1993 in Kleinknecht , 1994 and Kuch et al., 1994). For example, about 5 victims involved in moving car accidents had developed fears of sitting or riding in cars, and another third developed the corresponding phobias (Kuch et al., 1994). Just as classical teach can result in fears and phobias, however, it can also be used to reduce them.Prejudice In the mid-1940s, psychologist Kenneth Clark held a subdued doll and a dust coat doll in his hands and asked the following questions of adolescent white children living in the South Which doll looks like you? Now tell me which doll is the grave doll? Which doll is the bad doll?These children knew that the white doll looked like them. most children also indicated that the white doll was the good doll and the black doll was dirty or ugly ( Clark and Clark, 1947). How had these southern white children learned to make such association? During the decades of racial prejudices that had come before, darer skins had become associated with poverty and with being i nferior, not just in the South, but superior generally throughout the United States. The white children had learned to attribute these characteristics to black people. The racist attitude is what the white children had been taught it is also what the black children had been taught. The black had been raised in the same general environment, the same country. They, too, had seen that the whites had better and they had worse. And, as the Clarks discovered in further research, a majority of black children also chose the white doll as the good one and the black doll as the bad one. A learn experiment conducted by researcher Staats (1958 in Atkinson et al., 1993) helped to show how association process could be trustworthy for the prejudice, Dr. Clark observed. In their experiment, college students were asked to look at one word while pronouncing another. Without being aware of the purpose of the experiment, the students were manoeuvred into yoke pleasant words or unpleasant words with a particular name (Tom or Bill) or a certain nationality (Swedish or Dutch). In short, subjects revealed obvious differences in attitudes towards these names and nationalities, simply because those words had been paired with positive or negative words.Advertisers, politicians, movie makers, and just about everyone else try to use this motley of conditioning to affect peoples emotions. Then a politician associates himself with a positive symbol such as the flag, or when a movie maker uses dramatic music, or when someone dresses well for a job interview, each is invoking the same process Each is attempting to render something the politician, the movie maker, or the job seeker more appealing through association with positive stimuli. What appears to be occurring in the instances of association, like those just described, is a kind of higher order conditioning (Dworetzky, 1998).Conclusion In classical conditioning, the conditioned response much resembles the normal response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation, for example, is a shacks normal response to food. scarce when you want to teach an organism something novel such as teaching a furrow new trick you cannot use classical conditioning. What unconditioned stimulus would make a dog sit up or roll over? To train the dog, you must first persuade it to do the trick (Bernstein et al., 1991). often of the real-life behavior is like this responses are learned because they operate on, or effect the environment. Referred to as an operant conditioning, this kind of learning occurs in human individuals, as well as in animals. Alone in a crib, a baby may kick and twist and coo spontaneously. When left by itself, a dog may pad back and forth, sniff, or perhaps pick up a ball, drop it, and gip with it. Neither organism is responding to the onset or offset of a specific external stimulus. Rather, they are in operation(p) on their environment. Once the organism performs a certain behavior, however, the likel ihood that the action will be retell depends on its consequences. The baby will coo more often if each such occurrence is followed by parental attention, and the dog will pick up the ball more often if petting or a food reward follows this action. If we think of the baby as having a gaol of parental attention, and the dog as having the goal of food, then operant conditioning amounts to learning that a particular behavior leads to attaining a particular goal (Rescorla, 1987).ReferenceAtkinson, R.L., R.C. Atkinson, E.E. Smith, D.J. Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, 1993. Introduction to Psychology, 13th ed. New York Harcourt College Publishers.Bernstein, D.A., E.J. Roy, T.K. Srull, and C.D. Wickens, 1991. Psychology. New Jersey Houghton Mifflin Company.Bootzin, R.R. 1991. Psychology. New York Gilford Press.Clark, L., A.D. Watson, and S. Reynolds, 1995. diagnosing and classification of psychopathology Challenges to the current system and future directions. Annual review of Psychology 4 6 121-53.Dworetzky, J.P. 1988. Psychology.3rd Ed. mew York West Publishing Company.Logue, A.W., I.Ophir, and K.E. Strauss. 1981. The Acquisition of taste aversions in humans. Behavior Research and Therapy,19319-35.Morgan, Clifford T. 1977. A legal brief Introduction to Psychology. 2nd ed. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company.Rescorla, R.A. 1987. A Pavlovian analysis of goal-directed behavior. American Psychologist 42119-129, 265.