Provide a report to describe how you would plan a survey for this Essay

Provide a report to describe how you would plan a survey for this purpose - Essay Example The first requirement is regarding sample population and the data collection procedure for obtaining required information (Rubin, 2008, p. 59). Access to the sample population of visitors can be in various tourist areas, shopping malls, and other visitor attractions. Therefore, one can conduct the survey at multiple locations where visitors are likely to be. Once researchers decide about sites of the survey, a sample population must be chosen and the number of visitors to be surveyed must be decided. For instance, approximately one hundred visitor opinions can be an adequate number of responses needed for the results of the survey for generalization. After this, surveyors can focus on parameters or controls for age, gender, marital status, number of children, and income. Hence, out of the 100 respondents surveyed, 50 can be female and 50 can be male. Then the research team should divide participants further into age brackets to ensure that results may indicate opinion of people belonging to different age brackets (Schaeffer et al, 2011, pp. 112-115). The data should be collected via a verbal survey in which visitors are stopped at the site of the survey and requested to answer a few quick questions. The interviewer should fill out the questionnaire him/herself and ask a limited number of questions, which should mostly be close-ended. It is important that the first few questions should relate to personal characteristics, such as age bracket, occupation, family size, and income. Subsequently, the questions should focus on the types of shops and the types of services people visit while staying in Canterbury City. It is important that the survey should ask information regarding spending of customers on different activities and products, and if possible, regarding total budget of the visit. An efficient way will be to include quick questions regarding personal interests along with types of

Introduction to Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Criminal Justice Essay The federal criminal justice system comprise of federal courts, corrections, and law enforcement agencies. The United States Attorneys is the primary agency taking charge of cases involving the U. S. government as a party and in collecting debt owed to the federal government. The federal judiciary has a Supreme Court, appellate courts, and trial or district courts. Federal law enforcement agencies derive their authority from the U. S. Constitution and federal laws while the state law enforcement obtains authority from the state constitution and legislations. The difference in source of authority, which determines jurisdiction and role, determines whether a criminal case is a federal or state matter. Federal Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system in America today comprise of courts, corrections and law enforcement operating at the local, state and federal level (Samaha, 2006). These tiers of decision-making operate independently according to the scope of their jurisdictions. The discussion focuses on the federal level relative to the local and state levels. The U. S.  Department of Justice comprises the primary criminal investigative and law enforcement agency at the federal level. The Office of the United States Attorneys, which falls under the U. S. Department of Justice, comprise the principal litigators assigned to judicial districts, within which each Unite States Attorney exercise the role as the chief federal law enforcement officer for the United States. The United States Attorneys Office mainly prosecutes cases involving the United States as a party and collect debt owed to the U. S. ederal government as provided by Title 28, Section 547 of the U. S. Code. (United States Attorneys, 2009) The federal judiciary or court system emerged from Article III of U. S. Constitution. This has three tiers of decision-making. At the top is the U. S. Supreme Court comprised of the Chief Justice and eight associate justices handling cases involving important constitutional or federal questions of law that originated in the state or the feder al courts. In the middle is the appellate court, made-up of 94 judicial districts pooled into 12 regional circuits. The U. S. Court of Appeals in every circuit handles appealed cases coming from the district courts or federal administrative agencies as well as handles appeals of special cases. At the lower level is the trial court comprised of the district courts, with criminal and civil jurisdiction. The Court of International Trade and the U. S. Court of Federal Claims are special trial courts. (Samaha, 2006; â€Å"Understanding the federal courts,† 2009) Federal law enforcement agencies derive their authority from the U. S.  Constitution. Article 1, Section 8 provides the power of Congress to enact laws needed in executing governmental powers. The constitutional powers of Congress accords federal law enforcement agencies with the authority to operate. Whenever, Congress enacts a statute, it designates the federal agency responsible for enforcement of this law. The provisions of the enacted laws assigned for enforcement to federal agencies indicate the limit and scope of the authority of the federal agencies. (May et al. , 2008) The difference in the role of federal agents and state or local law enforcement officers lies in the jurisdiction and scope of authority. A federal agent has a wider jurisdiction but with a narrower scope of authority determined by federal statutes. Federal law emanates from the constitution that empowers the U. S. Congress to enact laws at the federal level. State or local law enforcement officers have narrower jurisdiction limited only to the boundaries of the state or locality but with broader scope of authority covering the enforcement of all laws applicable to the state or locality. State/local laws come from the state legislatures obtaining authority from the state constitution. (May et al. , 2008) Investigation or prosecution of a crime is a federal matter when the criminal act or issue are covered by federal law or the U. S. Constitution, the U. S. government is a party, special cases within the authority of the federal law justice system, and other cases within federal question jurisdiction. A crime is under state jurisdiction in cases violating the criminal laws of the state. The state holds broad jurisdiction of various cases but with the exception of those falling under the exclusive statutory jurisdiction of the federal courts. (May et al. , 2008) It makes sense to have dual criminal statutes in the federal and state systems covering the same offense. In case of common jurisdiction over an offense, such as discrimination in employment, the parties can opt to file in case in federal or state courts. There are also ways of distinguishing jurisdiction such as the diversity jurisdiction of the federal courts in cases involving residents of two different states over a controversy amounting to more than $75,000 dollars. (May et al. , 2008) The federal criminal justice system operates independently from state and local criminal justice by having its constitutional and federal statute determined jurisdiction. However, it has links with local and state criminal justice in hearing appeals of cases originating from the state courts on grounds of pertinent issues of law.

Phases Of A Cell Cycle Biology Essay

Phases Of A Cell Cycle Biology Essay Interphase is a part of the cell cycle in which the cell reproduces more DNA, it is the time when a cell accomplishes the most this is the time that the cell is preparing to divide. It is duplicating its organells and increasing the amount of cytoplasm it has in order to undergo cell division interphase constitutes the longest period of the cell cycle and is divided into three successive phases. G1 phase S phase G2 phase 2.1.1. G1 Phase: The first part of the inter phase is G1. In G1phase the cellular metabolic rate is high in which cell normally grows in size. And synthesis of m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA and proteins occur. This phase involves accumulation and synthesis of specific enzymes needed to control DNA-synthesis and production of DNA base unit so that the supply is at hand when synthesis being. 2.1.2. S Phase: The S phase is the intermediate phase between G1growth phase (gap-1) and G2 growth phase (gap-2).During the portion of cell cycle the DNA molecule are actually duplicated to produce two similar daughter cells. 2.1.3. G2 Phase: During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow. It is also called pre-mitotic phase. In this phase energy is stored for chromosome movement. Mitotic specific protein RNA and microtubule subunit are synthesis. 2.2. Mitotic Phase: This phase involves the division of nucleus and division of cytoplasm. At this stage the growth and protein production stop. All of the cell cycle focused on the complex and orderly division into two similar daughter cells. Mitosis is much shorter than inter phase. Lasting phase only one two hours. As in both G1 and G2, there is a checkpoint in the middle of mitosis that ensures the cell is ready to complete cell division actually stages of mitosis can be viewed at animal cell mitosis. 3. Mitosis: It is a process of nuclear and cell division in which the numbers of chromosomes in daughter cells are same as that of parent cell. 4. Phases of Mitosis: Mitosis is a continuous process which has two phases. Karyokinesis Cytokinesis 4.1. Karyokinesis: This phase involves the nuclear division .Animal cell has a special structure for cell division called centriole. At the start of mitosis centriole is divided into two pairs. Each pairs migrate to the opposite side of the nucleus thus forming two poles of the dividing cell. The microtubules including aster and spindle are called mitotic apparatus. There size is larger than nucleus. The function of the mitotic apparatus is to attach and capture chromosomes, align them correctly and separate them so that equal distribution of chromosomes should take place. The microtubules are set of fibers which are three in number. They originate from each pair of centrioles. One set of microtubules is called astral microtubules which form aster outward. The other two sets form the spindle in which one is kinetochore microtubules and other is polar microtubules and other is polar microtubules. 4.1.1. Stages of Karyokinesis: Karyokinesis can be divided into four stages. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 4.1.1.1. Prophase: Chromosomes can not be seen in the interphase stage even by electron microscope. However by using some special stains chromatin network of fine threads can be seen which is called chromatin. The following events take place in prophase. Nuclear envelope along with nucleoli disappear Centrioles completely migrate towards their poles Mitotic apparatus is organized Cytoplasm becomes more viscous The chromatin material get condensed by folding and chromosomes appear as thin threads and eventually become thick consisting of two chromatids attached with centromere 4.1.1.2. Metaphase: At metaphase chromosomes have become completely thick consisting of chromatid. These chromatids are attached to centromere. The Cells has special area the kinetochore where kinetochore fibres of mitotic apparatus attach. The kinetochore fibers of spindle are attached to kinetochore region of chromosomes and align them at the equator of the spindle forming equatorial plate or metaphase plate. Each kinetochore gets two fibers each from opposite poles. 4.1.1.3. Anaphase: It is very important phase of mitosis. The kinetochore fibers of spindle contract toward their respective poles exert force which separates the two chromatids from centromere. In this way two sister chromatids are formed. Half of them move to one pole and other half towards other pole. 4.1.1.4. Telophase: As the chromosomes reach to their respective pole telophase starts. The chromosome starts unfolding and become chromatin material. Mitotic apparatus starts disappearing while nucleus and nuceolic appears and thus two nucleoli are formed at each pole of the cell. 4.2. Cytokinesis: Cytokinesis is a phase of the mitosis in which whole of the cell divides. At this phase the astral microtubules send signals to equatorial region of cell which activate action and myosin to form contractile ring. This contractile rings form cleavage furrow in the center of cells which get deepens gradually and ultimately divide the parent cell into two daughter cells. 5. MEIOSIS: Meiosis is a special type of cell division in which the numbers of chromosomes in daughter cells are reduced to half as compare to parent cell. In animals it occurs in diploid cells at gamete formation while in plants it takes place at spore formation at gamete formation. Meiosis can take place in two divisions Meiosis I Meiosis II The first meiotic division is reduction division and second meiotic division is like that of mitosis. After two divisions diploid cell produce four haploid cells. 5.1. Stages of Meiosis I: Meiosis I is further divided into four sub-stages as following Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase Telophase 5.1.1. Prophase I: Prophase I is a very long phase. The chromosomes in this phase behave like the homologous pairs which is different as that from mitosis. The similar chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes. Prophase I is divided into five sub stages. Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis 5.1.1.1. Leptotene: At this stage the chromosomes appear as very long narrow thread and the size of nucleus increase and homologous chromosomes become closer. 5.1.1.2. Zygotene: First essential phenomenon of meiosis i.e. pairing of homologous chromosomes called synapsis starts. This pairing is highly specific and exactly pointed, but with no definite starting point. At this phase nuclei also disappears. Each paired but no fused complex structure is called bivalent or tetrad. 5.1.1.3. Pachytene: The pairing of homologous chromosomes is completed. Chromosomes become more and more thick. Each bivalent has four chromatids, which wrap around each other. Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange their segments due to chiasmata formation. During the process called crossing over. In this way reshuffling of genetic materials occur, which produces recombination. 5.1.1.4. Diplotene: The next stage of meiosis is diplotene where bivalents are distinct and contracted. During this phase the chiasmata of each bivalent undergoes terminalization that are the movement of two homologous chromosomes to the two ends. During the stage of prophase due to chromosome contraction they are very distinct as visible bivalent structure. 5.1.1.5. Diakinesis: Next phase is diakinesis where the chiasmata are fully terminalized and the two chromosomes remain together though fully terminalized. 5.1.2. Metaphase I: Nuclear membrane disorganize at the beginning of this phase. Spindle fibres originate and the kinetochore fibres attach to the kinetochore of the homologous chromosomes from each pole and arrange bivalent at the equator. The sister chromatids of individual chromosomes in bivalent behave as a unit. 5.1.3. Anaphase I: In this succeeding anaphase that is Anaphase I, the homologous centromeres move towards opposite direction of the pole. The centromere of each chromosome remains intact. The chromosome being separated there is no chaismata at this stage. 5.1.4. Telophase: Nuclear membranes organize around each set of chromosomes at two poles. Nucleoli reappear thus two nuclei each with half number of chromosome is formed, later on, cytoplasm divides thus terminating the first meiotic division. 6. Summary: Each cell cycle has two phase- interphase and mitotic phase. Inter phase is highly metabolic phase and subdivided into G1, S, G2 phases. Dividing phase involves the division of nucleus and division of cytoplasm. Mitosis is an equational cell division occurs in somatic cells producing two cells of the same chromosomes number of parent cell. Karyokinesis occurs in four phase à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase and is followed by cytokinesis. Meiosis is a reductional cell division occurs in germ cells producing four cells of half chromosomes number from that of parent cell, Nucleus divides twice in meiosis. Prophase I is of longer duration with substages leptotene, zygotene, pachytene. diplotene, diakinesis and is characterized by bivalent formation and crossing over through chaismata formation.

Free Admissions Essay - The Dance of Life :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay -  The Dance of Life    For the dancer, music and choreography are paramount. The music guides the dancer, and the moves express the music. However, the dance has to start from somewhere.    Similar to planning a career in medicine, the dance has a beginning. It starts with an idea of what the final creation will be. The music, which is the background for the dance, must be chosen carefully because it controls the mood and direction of the dance. Education is the music for the dance of a doctor. For this reason I chose to attend Xavier University of Louisiana because I felt it would provide me with the right music to guide my movements. Attending Xavier has helped keep me on the path to my goals by providing support, guidance, and opportunities to learn and grow. With this foundation I am prepared for the rigors of medical school and the challenges of adjusting to new people, situations, and responsibilities.    The dance cannot exist with music alone; the choreography helps complete the dance. Choreography often involves learning dance from other dancers, or learning a new type of dance to make the existing one more exciting. Going beyond the normal boundary increases the chance that the dance will effectively intertwine the music and choreography, so the dance will go beyond the original idea. Shadowing neurosurgeon Dr. Norgran in high school and pulmonologist Dr. Yaeger in college, has given me a new perspective on going into a career in medicine. These people helped me to see that I would have to be willing to alter the music of my life in order to finish the dance of a medical career.    The best expression of dance comes from a skilled and experienced dancer. Ultimately, I want to dance the dance of medicine in a way that fully expresses the essence of the dance, which is a dance of knowledge and compassion. A dancer that can take the music and choreography and express the essence of the dance, has an indefinable quality that only those with a pure love for their calling can possess. In dance, that special quality is what separates the average dancer from Baryshnikov or Pavlova. That aspect is one that intertwines unsurpassable skill with a focused relentless devotion to the task. Although I have danced since the age of three, I know I do not have this prima ballerina quality, but as a future doctor, this same kind of quality is what drives me.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 3

Orange Fire Enters My Skull Yes, I really do believe in silver linings, mostly because I've been seeing them almost every day when I emerge from the basement, push my head and arms through a trash bag – so my torso will be wrapped in plastic and I will sweat more – and then go running. I always try to coordinate the ten-mile running portion of my ten-hour exercise routine with sunset, so I can finish by running west past the playing fields of Knight's Park, where, as a kid, I played baseball and soccer. As I run through the park, I look up and see what the day has to offer in the way of divination. If clouds are blocking the sun, there will always be a silver lining that reminds me to keep on trying, because I know that while things might seem dark now, my wife is coming back to me soon. Seeing the light outline those fluffy puffs of white and gray is electrifying. (And you can even re-create the effect by holding your hand a few inches away from a naked lightbulb and tracing your handprint with your eyes until you go temporarily blind.) It hurts to look at the clouds, but it also helps, like most things that cause pain. So I need to run, and as my lungs burn and my back rebels with that stabbing knife feeling and my leg muscles harden and the half inch of loose skin around my waist jiggles, I feel as though my penance for the day is being done and that maybe God will be pleased enough to lend me some help, which I think is why He has been showing me interesting clouds for the past week. Since my wife asked for some time apart, I've lost more than fifty pounds, and my mother says that soon I'll be at the weight I was when I played varsity soccer in high school, which is also the weight I was when I met Nikki, and I'm thinking maybe she was upset by the weight I gained during the five years we were married. Won't she be surprised to see me looking so muscular when apart time is over! If there are no clouds at sunset – which happened yesterday – when I look up toward the sky, orange fire enters my skull, blinds me, and that's almost as good, because it burns too and makes everything look divine. When I run, I always pretend I am running toward Nikki, and it makes me feel like I am decreasing the amount of time I have to wait until I see her again.

How an Administrative Job Can Be a Stepping Stone

How an Administrative Job Can Be a Stepping Stone The administrative job can be a great stepping stone to something bigger, whether you are talking about health care jobs, working in an office or in other fields. Because administrative jobs entail multiple duties and can evolve over time, this is the perfect spot to branch out and work your way toward a new career. Successful strategies can work to make a smooth transition and show you the opportunities available before you start checking classified ads for jobs.Examine Your Job DutiesTake a look at your current and past job duties and make a list of your strong points, including your experience and training. For example, suppose you want to go into the communications field. Look at your experience and talents, and list which of those would be applicable in that particular field. If you have extensive knowledge of computer programs, such as Excel and Microsoft Word, can you use this expertise to transition into the vast computer field? Customer relations, financial matters and proje ct coordination may also be a part of your job and can be transitioned into employment in a new area.Look at Your Resume With a Critical EyeThink about what would interest a hiring manager to evolve into your new career, and whether you have the necessary skills you need to move up the ladder. If not, it might be a good time to take a few courses, complete a degree or get the other necessary skills you need to make the move.Make a Plan in AdvanceBe clear about your goal and focus on one, not on several potential jobs that can raise you into a leadership position. Do you want to segway into information or computer management, administrative services, marketing or some other field? Spreading yourself too thin when job hunting can be a mistake. The key is to decide on a field and focus.Write a New ResumeOnce youve targeted the new job you want, rewrite your resume to include applicable skills and experience. Further enhance your resume when you want to put in a job application, so that it reflects both those skills and fulfills the requirements for the job.Provide Examples on Your ResumeA flat resume on the locations you have worked and job duties isnt enough and doesnt truly say how you benefited your previous company. Use examples of how you were an asset to your previous company and how this could transition into the new job. For example, an administrative services manager oversees the smooth operation of a business and directs staff but has many more duties. Use what experience you have to show that you have what it takes to slip easily into the new position.Work on Interview SkillsHaving a great resume for a job helps you get your foot in the door. However, sailing through the interview is necessary to get hired or invited back for a second interview. Practice answering common interview questions and get a family member or friend to help. Pare down the time it takes to respond to questions so your answers are succinct and to the point but cover the informati on you want to convey. Dress appropriately for your interview, and try to present yourself as relaxed and confident.Remember to Clean Out Your Social Media PagesBefore even applying for new jobs, take the time to clean out your social media pages of items you wouldnt want a hiring manager to see, such as profane language or pics of your last out-of-control party. In addition, now is the time to rework your LinkedIn page to include the skills and expertise you want to highlight. Since such a high percentage of employers check social media pages before making an offer, forgetting to update your LinkedIn account can result in the lack of a job offer.Hunting for Your New JobWhen looking for a job to move up the ladder, knowing what to do to make it easier helps. Job hunting in a practical way is also a good idea, instead of depending on job classifieds. TheJobNetwork does your job search for you by sending you email alerts when jobs become available in your chosen field. All you do is f ill out your qualifications and job interests. Sign up with TheJobNetwork to get started.

JET Task 3 Essay

JET Task 3 Essay JET Task 3 Essay JET 2 Task 3 Competition Bikes is considering expanding to Canada and possibly acquiring Canadian Biking Inc. or merging with the company. Competition Bikes needs to make sure that the demand is high in Canada for the products being sold. Competition Bikes needs to ensure that Canadian Biking is financially stable and has future potential for growth without risking bankruptcy. Competition Bikes would also need to research capital structure, working capital and capital budget to determine if there is possibility in profitability of expanding, or merging with Canadian Biking or even acquiring the Canadian company. A1. Capital Structure â€Å"Is a mix of a company's long-term debt, specific short-term debt, common equity and preferred equity. The capital structure is how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds (Investopedia, 2015).† Competitions Bikes equity is considered common or preferred stocks, and its debt is considered long term loans and bonds. If Competition Bikes is looking to expand it has to ensure that they have the proper capital structure allowing the company to maximize return on investment, maximize cash flow, and be able to pay of accrued debts. Competition Bikes should consider five options of capital structure that will allow that company to produce the highest earnings per share, ensuring that shareholders will continue to invest and be satisfied with the outcome. Supporting a reliable net income will allow the company to keep the interest of shareholders. Earnings per share will used to monitor the capital structure of the company, this metho d will allow the company to show its financial decisions and how they can impact stockholders and shareholders. That’s why it is important to have strong earnings per share to keep shareholders interested in continuing investing in Competition Bikes. If shareholders are happy and seeing profits made on their shares they will most likely keep investing in the company. Another aspect the Competition Bikes needs to consider is the inherent risks associated with capital structure. The first option for capital structure is the consideration of using bonds which are fixed at a 9% interest. Although using bonds can be a risky avenue of approach due to having to pay the full amount loaned by a specific date. If the company is facing financial struggles it will still have to make it’s payments on the bonds loaned. Having fixed interest rates on the bonds is not always good due to interest rates being high and the company generally pays out its interest semi-annually, which can affect the company’s income. The benefits of using bonds are that companies can use them as a tax deductible. This would be a benefit for smaller companies that would rather not use equity and find it easier to manage the payments over the year. What Competition Bikes needs to consider is that they want to expand with a company that is already in the market and not wanting to start a new company in the market. With the new expansion Competition Bikes will not guarantee that thei r profits will increase exponentially in the future. With this option Competition Bikes will be creating more debt to fund the expansion and may be potentially using its new source of income to pay its debt and not being able to use its additional source of income to their likings. If Competition Bikes does decide to use this capital structure option it will break down as follows: Year 9 0.016 Year 10 0.031 Year 11 0.046 Year 12 0.062 Year 13 0.071 Shareholders will be experiencing a total of 0.226 earnings per share over a 5 year period. This calculation was utilized using earnings before interest & tax (EBIT), (Investopedia, 2015). Even though the earnings per share show potential Competition Bikes has several other options it can utilize that have less risk and higher earnings per share. The second option for capital structure is that Competition Bikes uses stocks to

The French Verb Souhaiter Que Needs the Subjunctive

The French Verb Souhaiter Que Needs the Subjunctive When  souhaiter (to wish or to hope for) precedes a dependent clause beginning with que, the dependent clause uses a subjunctive verb. It joins a long list of other French verbs expressing someones will, an  order, a need, a piece of advice or a desire; they all also need the subjunctive in the que subordinate clause. 'Souhaiter' and 'Souhaiter Que' When used with  que, souhaiter becomes souhaiter que (to hope that), which introduces a dependent clause that uses the French subjunctive.  Souhaiter que is all about the emotion of hoping.  Thus, it fulfills the subjunctives basic requirement  of  expressing actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain.   Ã‚  Je souhaite quil vienne.I hope that he comes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Souhaitons  que tout aille bien.We hope that all goes well.   Ã‚  Il est  Ã‚  souhaiter que...It is to be hoped that... As with souhaiter que, the French subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent clauses introduced by  que  or  qui, and the subjects of the dependent and main clauses are usually different, as in:   Ã‚  Je veux que tu le fasses.I want you to do it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il faut que nous partions.It is necessary that we leave. French Verbs and Expressions Similar to 'Souhaiter Que' Here are other verbs and expressions that, like souhaiter que, communicate someones will, an  order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire. They all require the subjunctive in the dependent clause that  begins with que.  There are many other types of constructions that require the French subjunctive as well, which are listed and explained in the full-on  subjunctivator  (our term). aimer mieux que   to prefer thatcommander que  Ã‚  to order thatdemander que  Ã‚  to ask that (someone do something)dà ©sirer que  Ã‚  to desire thatdonner lordre que  Ã‚  to order thatempà ªcher que*  Ã‚  to prevent (someone from doing something)à ©viter que*  Ã‚  to avoidexiger que  Ã‚  to demand thatil est souhaiter que  Ã‚  it is to be hoped thatil est essentiel que  Ã‚  it is essential thatil est important que  Ã‚  it is important thatil est naturel que  Ã‚  it is natural thatil est nà ©cessaire que  Ã‚  it is necessary thatil est normal que  Ã‚  it is normal thatil est temps que  Ã‚  it is time thatil est urgent que  Ã‚  it is urgent thatil faut que  Ã‚  it is necessary that / we mustil vaut mieux que  Ã‚  it is better thatinterdire que  Ã‚  to forbid thatsopposer que  Ã‚  to oppose thatordonner que  Ã‚  to order thatpermettre que  Ã‚  to permit thatprà ©fà ©rer que  Ã‚  to prefer thatproposer que  Ã‚  to propose thatrecomm ander que  Ã‚  to recommendsouhaiter que  Ã‚  to wish thatsuggà ©rer que  Ã‚  to suggest thattenir ce que  Ã‚  to insist thatvouloir que  Ã‚  to want to *These verbs are followed by the more formal  ne explà ©tif,  in which only ne is used in negations (without pas), as in:   Ã‚  Ãƒâ€°vitez quil ne parte.Prevent him from leaving.

Non-Democratic Regimes Theory, Government and Politic by Paul Brooker Essay

Non-Democratic Regimes Theory, Government and Politic by Paul Brooker - Essay Example The writer has purposefully endeavored to reveal a chronological discussion as regards the theoretical analysis of the evolution and development of the non-democratic form of government, significances, failure, consequences, and contribution in the development of political thought. The effort has also been made to compare democracy with those non-democratic regimes. The presentation of the book is well-organized; language usage is lucid and legible and comfort reading. The whole book has been covered by 10 chapters dealing with every issue of a non-democratic regime. The subject matter of the book is easily accessible. Commendably, for the conveniences and a better understanding of the readers, the author has supplied relevant data, figures, and tables which have made an impressive discussion. Anyone with a perusal can easily understand the contents of the book and identify the core purposes of the author inviting the readers to a thoughtful discussion in order to face the ground-rea lity through earning some practical knowledge. The 20th century has witnessed tremendous shifts in the governance portfolios. A large part of First half of the last century has experienced the advent of totalitarianism embodying fascism, Nazism, and communism in German, Italy, Eastern Europe, Russia, and China. In 1920s-1930s totalitarianism for the first time developed in Nazi German and Fascist Italy. With the growing popularity of communism, the concept was reintroduced in the western political thought in the 1950s in Russia, Eastern Europe and even in China. The dominance and wider acceptance of totalitarianism regime in 1960s-1970s were more than democracy and seemed as if totalitarianism could be the predominant state philosophy in the coming days. The period between the end of Second World War and the opening of 1970 era is marked by the military dictatorship.

A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan Research Paper

A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan - Research Paper Example In this regard, the Chondrichthyes are deficient of the huge cutaneous bones that typify the Osteichthyes. The Chondrichthyes are regarded as the cartilaginous fish while the Osteichthyes are regarded as the bony fish. The mutual opposition of these distinctions and the body structure of the last common ancestor of gnathostomes have continued to be a topic of consensus among scientists (Zhu et al, 2013). In this paper, Zhu and colleagues (2013) identify and delineate a three-multidimensional well-maintained placoderm fish from Silurian of China with combined features of a placoderm-like cutaneous skull roof, shoulder girdle and braincase with osteichthyan-like cutaneous bones of the mandibular and hyoid arches, and a palatoquadrate sharing obtained attributes with crown gnathostomes. This is a thing that had not been seen before. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the skull roof is level and sturdily curved horizontally. Most of the braincase of the fish was covered with rounded , central and nape plates, winged by corresponding postorbital, peripheral and frontal and subsequent paranuchal plates along the route of the arterial intraorbital and primary lateral line grooves. Additionally, the petite and thin proboscis constitutes a snout, a premedian and premaxillary those seem to be attached mesially. The Dermal cheek comprised the jugal, maxilla and a quadrajugal with a sensory channel pattern. The trunk armour comprised of attributes similar to those of the early arthrodires such as phlyctaeniid. On the other hand, the analysis revealed that the braincase was wide and flattened, replicating that of the ancient arthrodires (Zhu et al, 2013). This review was executed to identify the phylogenetic position of Entelognathus and the effect of its typescripts on gnathostome organic evolution. The evaluation was carried out using a modified version of the data. Entelognathus was placed with arthrodires, crown gnathostomes and ptyctodonts by the severe accord of 1 17 most frugal trees. The results of the analysis put several acanthodians under the gnathostome and osteichthyan stem clusters. The phonetic resemblances between the chondrichthyans and acanthodians were translated as symplesiomorphies. Zhu et al’s (2003) results portrayed that the resemblances represent synapomorphies of the chondrichthyan entire cluster. The classification of all acanthodians in the chondrichthyan stem cluster indicates that macronery in the preceding mutual ancestor of crown gnathostomes. The results of the analysis also indicated that Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes had macromeric cutaneous bones and offered a new theoretical account for reviewing crown gnathostome variance. Personal Response This paper clearly brings out a comparison of the four groups of the jawed vertebrate. It makes it clear to me, as a reader, by indicating that two of the groups are still in existent while two are extinct. Additionally, from my observation, similarities and differe nces between the groups are well articulated through diagrams through the article. The article explains each of the body structures and skeletons before comparing them. For instance, the article shows that Osteichthyans and Placoderms have macromeric cutaneous skeletons dominated by a huge body plates while Chondrichthyans and Acanthodians have micromeric cutaneous skeletons that primarily consist of scales. The article has brought me at

Product Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Product Marketing - Assignment Example This is happening as additional customers demand for more products deemed to be environment-friendly, not only due to sustainable production methods but also due to the ease of disposal and consequent environmental conservation (Gordon, n. p.). Product Description â€Å"Green Diapers† provide users with a wide array of disposal options, that is, tossing, composting or flushing. Additionally, the fact that these diapers are biodegradable implies that, microorganisms which occur naturally, and those that are responsible for decomposition of materials, can easily breakdown or weather the diapers. Further, the nutrients can be recycled into the environment, without leaving behind any injurious residues. The disposable inserts incorporated into â€Å"Green Diapers† usually decompose in approximately 50 to 150 days when composted at home. These diapers, unlike the conventional ones can also be flushed down the toilet without clogging the system. This implies that less garbage will be transported to landfills, hence preventing environmental pollution. â€Å"Green Diapers† have undergone numerous tests by autonomous laboratories, thus, proving beyond reasonable doubt that they are really biodegradable (Weinberg and Parrs, n. p.).   Market Conditions Based on a market survey conducted by BusinessGreen (n. p.) consumers’ demand for different green products rose from 15 percent in the year 2008 to 70 percent in the year 2009. This trend has continued to grow since then, and by the end of the 2012 fiscal year, demand for green products has reached a high of 83 percent. These consumers posit that they would opt to buy a product deemed to be green, rather than purchase a relatively priced, ordinary product. This trend, therefore, provides a lucrative opportunity for the company, as it ventures into the sale of biodegradable diapers. The prospect appears to be even more profitable, since approximately two-thirds of customers that buy green commod ities have upheld this purchasing habit throughout the tough economic times. This serves as a clear indicator that the market for green products is relatively stable, thus providing the company with a competing platform at par with that of ordinary disposable diapers. The statistics also prove that the shift towards green products is not a trend anymore, but a sustainable societal lifestyle. The company can also borrow traits from businesses currently selling green products and pursuing green marketing strategies, since most of these ventures continue to reap benefits like: Increased revenue: with continued growth of the green market there is an increment of opportunities to lure new customers. Further, there is broadening of the customer base through product modification, product innovation and promotion, eventually increasing revenues. Reduced costs: manufacturing of green products involves utilization of fewer and locally available resources to develop products and market them to consumers. This greatly cuts down costs incurred in the production process. Enhanced reputation of brand hence high market value: companies’ attempt to protect the environment through manufacturing and selling green products develops a positive impression among many customers. This, in turn, promotes the brand name and its popularity among consumers. Risk mitigation: numerous studies have shown that green companies can stay ahead of their competitors, as administrations make an effort to enact more rigorous environment regulations to mitigate

Frederick Douglas - liberation of slaves Research Paper

Frederick Douglas - liberation of slaves - Research Paper Example To keep them in their place, slaves were forbidden to be taught how to read or write, they were separated from their families at even very young ages and were regularly physically and emotionally beaten as a means of keeping them in line. All of this had the effect of reducing these people to the survival instincts of animals, reinforcing concepts held by the white people as well as the slaves that this menial labor was all they were capable of – higher thought was clearly beyond the capacity of their more primitive brains. Proving that this was not the case, though, was Frederick Douglass, the first black man to appear on a presidential ticket in America. An escaped slave from Maryland, Douglass toured the country and the world telling his story and illuminating the various ways in which black people are kept in their dark imprisonment through no fault of their own and with little hope of discovering a means of true escape. In his early narrative Frederick Douglass: Life of a n American Slave, the author details his early life and education in such a way that he illustrates both the dehumanizing effects of slavery as well as those factors that operated to inspire him to ‘become a man’ rather than remaining in the role of a slave. This narrative, as well as the speeches and work Douglass did to increase awareness of the true condition of the slave, did much to convince the white people of the world that black people had equal potential when given equal opportunity. Although his exact birth date is unknown, Douglass believed he was born sometime in February of 1818, already a slave on a Maryland farm. He died on February 20, 1895. The name he was given at birth was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, but he later changed it as he discovered more information about his probable parentage. â€Å"He spent his early years with his grandparents and with an aunt, seeing his mother only four or five times before her death when he was

Consumer Purchasing Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consumer Purchasing Process - Essay Example The activities involved in the process include identifying and evaluating vendors, selecting specific products, placing orders, and resolving arising issues (Schneider, 2010). All these activities facilitate the acquisition process from either the supplier or producer. The purchasing process takes six steps which are need recognition; supplier identification and selection; contract negotiation; purchase order placement; purchase order follow-up; and order receipt and fulfillment (Li, 2007). Each of these steps involves several purchasing activities. In the first step of the purchasing process, a company identifies a need for a certain material. The step involves purchasing activities like identification of materials and their delivery time. It also involves quality, quantity, and attributes identification. The second step goes on to identify specific sellers or distributers for the materials identified in the first step. This step involves purchasing activities like price trend analy sis, supplier availability analysis, and market conditions analysis (Li, 2007). The third step involves negotiation of the terms and conditions of the purchase process thus opening sale. Upon agreement on the terms and conditions, a purchase order is placed. ... In the six steps, the purchaser receives the order and verifies both quality and quantity supplied. It is in this step where the sale is closed and the company gets ownership of the purchased materials. In most situations, purchasing process involves interaction between the purchasing personnel of a company and key account managers of the supplying company. The account managers should have skills like planning and marketing, relationship building, problem solving, negotiating, opportunity creating, organization, communication, and presenting skills (Cheverton, 1999). In some situations, the suppliers use global accounts management instead of key accounts management. These situations require the vendor company to be global and coordinated. Competences required for personnel in global accounts management is identical to the ones required in key account management. The reason for this is the similarity in the activities undertaken in each of the cases. Analysis Purchasing process involv es the purchasing company and the selling company. These companies have conflicting interests. Each of them tries to maximize benefits derived from a purchase while minimizing both risks and costs. Negotiations are always required in order to achieve these objectives. This indicates that the persons selected to represent a company in a purchasing process should have good negotiation skills. Negotiation skills are in line with communication skills and therefore, these persons need to have good communication skills as well. If persons representing a company lack negotiation skills, the other company may take advantage of the weakness in the purchasing process. Due to this, the weaker company may make loses while the other company

Mod Reflection Journals 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mod Reflection Journals 5 - Essay Example However, businesses owner is torn between pursuing prosperity for the mutual benefit of the client and the business or the enterprise alone. The conversation revealed the moral justice discussion that should be geared towards the greater good of people. According to Mackey and Sisodia, the noble objective of a business is to pursue prosperity far from the common ideology that businesses and corporations are founded on selfish to generate profit (2). The ethics that surround business operations are not the only components that sustained our conversation. The discussion of morality also reminded me of moral worth of human beings in the businesses world. Mackey and Sisodia discuss old capitalism ideologies that suppressed people by pursuing personal interests that should not feature in the current economy. The moral worth of people rests in the fulfillment of desires and needs of other people. Businesses operations should be conducted on ideologies that do not encourage self-interests at the expense of the larger community. Mum asserted that morality is anchored on the powerful human motivations that should be respected in any social or economic endeavor. The conversation went on to highlight the need to pursue prudence and the greater good of people because that is what morality and ethics

Frederick Douglas - liberation of slaves Research Paper

Frederick Douglas - liberation of slaves - Research Paper Example To keep them in their place, slaves were forbidden to be taught how to read or write, they were separated from their families at even very young ages and were regularly physically and emotionally beaten as a means of keeping them in line. All of this had the effect of reducing these people to the survival instincts of animals, reinforcing concepts held by the white people as well as the slaves that this menial labor was all they were capable of – higher thought was clearly beyond the capacity of their more primitive brains. Proving that this was not the case, though, was Frederick Douglass, the first black man to appear on a presidential ticket in America. An escaped slave from Maryland, Douglass toured the country and the world telling his story and illuminating the various ways in which black people are kept in their dark imprisonment through no fault of their own and with little hope of discovering a means of true escape. In his early narrative Frederick Douglass: Life of a n American Slave, the author details his early life and education in such a way that he illustrates both the dehumanizing effects of slavery as well as those factors that operated to inspire him to ‘become a man’ rather than remaining in the role of a slave. This narrative, as well as the speeches and work Douglass did to increase awareness of the true condition of the slave, did much to convince the white people of the world that black people had equal potential when given equal opportunity. Although his exact birth date is unknown, Douglass believed he was born sometime in February of 1818, already a slave on a Maryland farm. He died on February 20, 1895. The name he was given at birth was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, but he later changed it as he discovered more information about his probable parentage. â€Å"He spent his early years with his grandparents and with an aunt, seeing his mother only four or five times before her death when he was

Mod Reflection Journals 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mod Reflection Journals 5 - Essay Example However, businesses owner is torn between pursuing prosperity for the mutual benefit of the client and the business or the enterprise alone. The conversation revealed the moral justice discussion that should be geared towards the greater good of people. According to Mackey and Sisodia, the noble objective of a business is to pursue prosperity far from the common ideology that businesses and corporations are founded on selfish to generate profit (2). The ethics that surround business operations are not the only components that sustained our conversation. The discussion of morality also reminded me of moral worth of human beings in the businesses world. Mackey and Sisodia discuss old capitalism ideologies that suppressed people by pursuing personal interests that should not feature in the current economy. The moral worth of people rests in the fulfillment of desires and needs of other people. Businesses operations should be conducted on ideologies that do not encourage self-interests at the expense of the larger community. Mum asserted that morality is anchored on the powerful human motivations that should be respected in any social or economic endeavor. The conversation went on to highlight the need to pursue prudence and the greater good of people because that is what morality and ethics

The Merchants Tale Essay Example for Free

The Merchants Tale Essay The merchants tale presents a thoroughly cynical view of women and marriage How far do you agree off such a statement as an accurate general description of the Merchants Tale. It is true to say that the merchant presents a thoroughly cynical view of women and marriage but it is not an accurate general description of the tale. The cynicism is apparent at the very beginning in the Merchants Prologue. The outburst by the merchant even before the tale opens sets the scene for what is to come: a parody of women and marriage. I have a wyf, the worste that may be; For thogh he feend to hire ycoupled were, She wolde him overmacche, I dar wel swere Although the Merchant prepares his audience for a story about a shrewd wife, he begins the Tale with an extended debate about the pros and cons of marriage. The beginning of the tale serves as a warning against marriage. Justinus prophetically warns January that Or wheither hire thoughte it paradis or helle. There is also a mounting criticism towards women that is inherent in the way Justinus argues his point that a wife, especially a young wife will be his purgatory: Where she be wys, or sobre, or dronkelewe, Or proud, or elles ootherweyes a shrewe, a childestere, or wastour of thy good, or riche, or poore, or elles mannish wood. This promotes an overall negative view of women even before May comes into the tale. However it is not only the merchant and January that present a cynical view of women and marriage but also Justinus; the supposedly just voice of the tale. Justinus tells January Ne take no wyf and to take a servant instead because a trewe servant dooth moore diligence. The merchant himself intervenes to say that scholars, including the well-known classical misogynist Theofraste, recommend a reliable servant as being more use than a wife, who is `only after thy good. Justinus concludes gloomily that `nis no so greet felicitee in marriage. However despite Justinus warnings about women and marriage, January ignores his advice and instead listens to the voice of the sycophant, Placebo. We are also reminded later by Pluto of the tresons whiche that women doon to man. The merchant is not only cynical towards May but also cynical of women in general. The merchant is cynical of women in the Bible as well as the Greek goddess Proserpine and Griselda in the initial outburst of the merchant. Pluto tells his wife of her untrouthe and brotilnesse. The tale concentrates on women who have been unfaithful to their husbands such like Rebekka and Sarra to promote the deception of May and women in general. It is also ironic when Justinus requests for May to be lyk Sarra and Rebekka. The merchant is also skeptical towards Proserpine who gives May the gift of persuasion. Pluto further disparages women: Amongst a thousand men yet foond I oon, But of women alle foond I noon.

Cadbury Marketing Analysis: SWOT and PEST

Cadbury Marketing Analysis: SWOT and PEST Cadbury is British company which is the second largest Chocolate producing company in the world (only after Wrigley combined). The head quarter of Cadbury is at the Uxbridge Business Park in Uxbridge, London{R}. It is also listed in the London Stock Exchange. In February 2010, Cadbury was acquired by Kraft Foods. The company was an ever present constituent of the FTSE 100 from the indexs 1984 inception until its 2010 take over{R}. The firm was formally known as Cadbury Schweppes from 1969 until May 2008 demerger which was divided by its global business from it U.S beverage unit which had been renamed Dr. Pepper Snapple Group Inc {R}. Cadbury Schweppes is the worlds leading Confectionery Company. But it is chocolate with which the Cadbury name is indelibly associated in the minds of consumers. Around the world, Cadbury chocolate has never been more ubiquitous than it is today. It has the greatest reach, consumer awareness, and sales presence than at any time in its history. As we have seen, Cadbury has not managed to conquer the entire globe as the definitive brand of chocolate- but then neither has anyone else. There are global product brands, such as mars Bar, but no definitive global chocolate house name. However, in the markets where Cadbury has been able to successfully take root, they have managed it mostly with spectacular effect. Consumers in Cadburys main overseas markets believe that Cadbury is not only the definitive chocolate brand that is indigenous to their own country. In both Australia and New Zealand, Cadbury is regularly voted as being the most trusted brand in the country. In 1997, on the fiftieth anniversary of Cadbury setting up their Indian company, Cadbury was voted by consumers as being the countrys top brand in a major poll run by the Indian Economic Times. No other single chocolate house name has managed to achieve such close bonds with so many consumers around the globe. Cadbury, a brand that originated at the dawn of mass consumerism, is a brand of the masses. Arnold vetoed the plan as he not wants Cadbury to realize that their strategy had driven his business almost to the brink. As Cadbury were outselling Rowntree in milk chocolate by over ten to one, Rowntree gamely tried to fight on by developing an even milkier chocolate that would trump Dairy Milk and its Glass and a Half claim. Research showed that a slight taste preference over Dairy Milk, but was not yet at the 65% preference level they felt they needed. Cadbury had taken their advantages of huge scale and efficiency, and simply made it impossible for their main rival even to compete in the milk chocolate market. Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969.Cadbury Schweppes went on to acquire Sunkist, Canada Dry, Typhoo Tea and more. In the US, Schweppes Beverages was created and the manufactures of Cadbury confectionery brands were licensed to Hersheys. VISION: Working together to create Brand that people love Cadbury mission statement- Cadbury means quality. This is our promise. Our reputation is built upon quality; our commitment to continue improvement will insure our promise. HISTORY: Cadbury was started in 1824 by John Cadbury in Bull Street, Birmingham in a shop. At initial stages it was a seller of tea, coffee homemade drinking products with a less emphasis on Chocolate. In those days cocoa Chocolate products were a luxury unaffordable for common people. Johns excellent marketing technique soon made him a leading trader of Chocolate in Birmingham. Johns shop reputation for Chocolate prospered more more day by day. Due to its increasing popularity John moved into manufacturing of drinking Chocolate cocoa. By 1840, John his brother started a factory in Bridge Street with a partnership. During 1850, the government reduced the high import taxes on cocoa due to which Cadburys Chocolate rate came down it was in a reach of common people. In 1854, Cadbury got the Royal Warrant by the Queen of England. In 1861, after the retirement of John Cadbury, his son took over the business had a hard time managing it. A new product named Cocoa essence helped the business tremendously. Because of this over whelming success Cadbury shifted their factory from Bridgestone to Bourneville. The factory at Bourneville was much bigger advance than the previous one. In 1881, the company got its first Export order from Australia. In the same year the company also started to manufacture the Milk Chocolate. Cause of this new product Cadbury can now match the quality, taste variety of products made from their competitors in Switzerland France. Cadburys success was marked due to its new recipes experimentation on its new innovations. After the death of Richard Cadbury his son George Cadbury headed the company very well. By the end of 1900, the company had about 2500 workers. Cadbury was far more ahead advance from its time under the leadership of George Cadbury. He also provided with Training housing for its employees. Pension health facilities were also given. During 1910 Cadbury Dairy Milk become a familiar name in Europe. Afer the World War 1 the production of the factory increased. In 1919, Cadbury merged with J.S Fry sons and started a new brand Frys Chocolate Cream Frys Delight which is on sell now also. In 1938, a new brand called as Rosses of Cadbury had placed the company in the top of the chart in the worlds Chocolate manufactures. In 1969, Schweppes Cadbury group merged with a new name Cadbury Sweppes Plc This new company became a leader in confectionary soft drink in the World. With factories all over the world Cadbury soon become a household brand in many countries like U.K, India, Australia, etc. Description: A glass and a half of milk in every half pound bar of chocolate. Product Range: As well as the classic Cadbury Dairy Milk, we make Fruit Nut, Whole Nut, Caramel, Bubbly, Crunchy Bits, Turkish, and Bar of Plenty range. Brand history: Cadbury Dairy Milk (CDM) was launched in 1905 and became an instant success. Over 100 years later and the recipe is relatively unchanged and is kept under lock and key in a safe. Cadbury introduced its famous Glass and a half of full cream milk in every half pound slogan in 1928, but the world-famous symbol was only used in advertising. By the mid 1920s, CDM had become the best selling chocolate brand in the UK. Today, CDM remains the UKs number one chocolate brand and is worth more than  £360 million. More than 65% of the British population will buy CDM at least once a year. It is also an international favourite, enjoyed by millions of people across 30 countries. Cadbury recently announced a commitment to use 100% Fair-trade cocoa in blocks of CDM. Target audience: 21-29 year old females, but a great deal of interest comes from the 45 years+ consumer as well. ANALYSIS: Macro Micro Analysis: SWOT Analysis (Micro): ACADAMIC REVIEW: Even in the beginning of the 21st century, SWOT is still there and rising as a recommended scaffold in lot of well recognized tactic organization and marketing text. Hitt et al. (2000); Anderson and Vince (2002). In addition, combine of SWOT mechanisms have to stick towards core logic so as to take reliability towards calculated assessment. Lengnick-Hall and Wolf (1999) STRENGTH: Cadbury holds 9.9% of the global market share Largest global confectionery supplier. Strong manufacturing competence and innovation, brand name. Acquisition (different competitors) Strong financial strength position. WEAKNESS: Dependent on the confectionary beverage market. Lack of understanding of the new emerging markets. OPPORTUNITIES: Growing markets of China, India, Russia. Rise in demand for confectionery market. High degree of merger acquisitioned. Innovation. Changing demands. Healthier Snack with fewer calories. Low-fat, organic, natural confectioneries. THREATS: Increase in cost demands. Global supply chain in low cost locations/areas. Lack of promotional activities. Calories counting and obesity effects the demand of the product. Strengths Cadbury holds 9.9% of the global market share. It is considered as the largest global confectionery supplier in the world. High financial strength (Sales turnover 1997,  £7971.4 million and 9.4%). Cadbury over the years has established itself as an leader in innovation, Brand name a strong manufacturing competence. Recently, Cadbury has grown through its acquisition strategies. Cadbury has increased its sales profit by financial strength position. Weaknesses The company is dependent on the confectionary beverage market whereas other competitor E.g. Nestle has more variety of product portfolios so that the project generated funds can be utilised or invested in other areas of business and research development. Other competitors have greater international experience as Cadbury has been traditionally strong in Europe new to the U.S, due to this there is a possible lack of understanding of the new emerging markets compares to competitors. Opportunities Cadbury has a large opportunity in the growing markets of China, India, and Russia where there is a huge population with consumer wealth and demand for confectionery market is increasing. The confectionery market is characterised by a high degree of merger and acquisitioned activities in recent years. Opportunities exist to increase share through targeted acquisitions. The key for Cadburys growth is Innovation. It is to meet the change in the consumer demands .Snack which is healthier and less in calories need to be developed. A detailed Research and Development has helped Cadbury led to sugar free and centre filled chewing gum varieties. A strong demand of low-fat, organic and natural confectionaries also appear to be in the market. Threats Worldwide there is an increasingly demanding cost environment, particularly for energy, transport, packaging and sugar. Global supply chain in low cost locations. Competition from other brands (global and national) economy prise and aggressive promotional activities by competitors. Due to social awareness of the consumers by rise calories counting and obesity. Due to healthier lifestyle of consumer is affecting the demand of Cadbury products. PEST Analysis (Macro): ACADEMIC REVIEW: Proof put forward that a mass of association have only badly developed environmental examination systems, something which is shown in a report by (Wilson and Gilligan.1997, pp 245-6). Fifield, P and Gilligan, C (1999, pp. 60) POLITICAL: Increase tax. Law legislation. Increase in the rate of obesity. ECONOMIC: Vat. Debts affect the choice of the buyers. Minimum wages. SOCIAL: Concept of eating on the GO. Enjoyed loved by all the age groups. Increasing awareness among the people/consumers. Health eating habits. TECHNOLOGICAL: Market survey. Improve the Quality of product. Maintain trade mark and standards in the market. Increase in productivity. Installation of high technologies machinery. More investment. Periodic maintenance of the equipments. Political: Cadbury dairy milk can be affected by political issues if tax increases this will affect the number of consumers along with the fall in sales of stocks. The judiciary system can also effect Cadbury dairy milks production as any law passed, for example, restricting the working hours of factory for labours as it will restrict the working time of workers at the factory this effects the product efficiency. The main concern of government today is increasing obesity. As a result of a survey major heart problems are caused per year mainly due to Cadburys products. Economic: The rate of interest can also effect the production of Cadbury dairy milk as if a high rate of interest is being charged to Cadbury dairy milk the company would not prefer to borrow money to expand itself. That applies to consumers as well if they are under the burden of loan they would have less share of their income to buy luxury products. Cadbury dairy milk can make more money only if manages to bring down the minimum wages but this could also result in decrease in the consumer sale Social: The latest trend that has been setup in snacking-as more and more people are now into concept of eating on the go. All the members of the family or no age limit is preferred for Cadburys product. Its a product which is enjoyed and loved by all the age groups. The money that is brought in by the people visiting the Cadbury world would not only benefit Cadbury but will also be beneficial for the local residents who have small business near Cadbury world. People are being more and more conscious about their health and their eating habits. As the consumer today are well aware about their rights benefits they have developed this habit to read the ingredient content to make sure that the product is as per their requirement. Technological: To meet the increasing demand and also to maintain in this competitive market Cadbury dairy milk has to take some important measures to meet the day to day requirement like market survey etc. Such as increase in production (volume), improve the quality of the product Etc for this it is important to install/buy better equipment so that Cadbury dairy milk can maintain its statue, standard as a trade mark in the market. As the competition increases day by day the company should quit old methods and machineries should switch to new and better (advance) technology i.e., machineries such as high productivity capacity which can help in enhancing the quality of the product, etc. To install such high tech advance machinery will require more capital such as to export machinery, install, and training programme for employee, land, etc. Company has invest alot of money in it. The company is also supposed to look after the machineries periodic performance maintenance. ASSESMENTS: FACTORS ASSESMENTS Category size Confectionary market is the largest market in the ion of world with over $150 billion retail sale in 2008.It ranked fourth in packed food segments with a global market worth an estimation of $1800 billion. Category growth The rate of growth of chocolate market is about 5% per year. Growth total in developed market which represents around 60% of total by value has been at around 3% per annum. Whereas, growth in emerging markets this is around 10% per annum. Seasonality According to a detail trade and research show that about 40% of sales of chocolate take place i the first quarter of the year, which can be alienated into ester spring occasions such as mothers day and valentines day. Sales and marketing receives more prominent in holiday seasons in year round. Economic of scales There are lot of entry barrier for chocolate and cocoa industry because there are a lot of large company that already exists and has a large manufacturing product at lower cost. If a new organisation wants to enter into this market then that company should produce more chocolate and cocoa at the same price as their competitors. They should be able to meet the large quantity of product along with the cost as compared to their competitors in order to survive. Due to economy of sales in this industry small organisation have a threat to enter in to this market. MARKETING MIX: Product Cadbury dairy milk is made from real chocolate. Its ingredients include cocoa butter and there is a glass and half full cream dairy milk in every 200 grams of Cadbury dairy milk chocolate, Cadbury buys 65 million litres of fresh milk each year to make Cadbury dairy milk chocolate. Price Price is an important element of the marketing mix. The price charged for a chocolate bar can determine whether a consumer will buy it and the level of sales achieved can determine whether or not Cadbury Schweppes will make a profit. Price is also affected by factors such as the state of the economy, what competitors are charging, the stage reached in the products life cycle and above all what price the market will bear. From the marketing point of view this is what matters. Place Cadbury dairy milk is produced at the chocolate factory in Bourneville in Birmingham. After the chocolate is produced and has undergone all the quality checks it is transported to the stockrooms. After this Cadbury sells it products to shops that deal with beverages and confectionery e.g. corner shops, super stores such as Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwik save, Tesco, Asda, Safeway and petrol station. These businesses are usually visited by customers on a daily basis. They then sell it to the general public. Cadbury produces chocolate for more than 200 countries so that they have a chance to enjoy it as well and make profit. This gives them a wide range of consumers around the world. Cadbury Schweppes therefore makes sure that the cultures of these different people are kept. They can do this by producing products, which are eaten in that particular country without upsetting religious or cultural practises. Product are distributed through varies retailers in the diverse part of the countries because Cadbury being a global brand and is sold worldwide. Cadbury emphasis lot in packing and display of its product attracting the customer thus making sales Promotion The purpose of promotion is to communicate directly with potential or existing customers, in order to encourage them to purchase dairy milk and recommend it to others. The main promotional tools are sales promotions, public relations and advertising. BCG MATRIX: ACADAMIC REVIEW: Categorization of consumers into centre, leading light and subsidiary goes past tradition segmentation since it method of payment and revenues in support of groups of clients, thus confiding their financial significance in the track of the business. Bradley, F (2003, pp. 57) Star Boost Celebration ? Low fat bar Cash Cow Dairy Milk 5 Star Fruit and nut. Dog None Cash Cow: Since the day the company commenced its production the Cadbury dairy milk have been their major and infant product. The company manufactures this product in a very high quantity, the product being the oldest still is in demand. You can see from the table above that how the company reaps and benefits from this very product. Contributing greatly in the Net Profit and Gross sales. Star: After reaping/ milking all the profits from the Cadbury dairy milk the company invests its money in the new product according to the demand of the market, forecasting the growth of sales and product. The new product launched by the company is the boost, celebration etc this product is introduced and has been added to the product range by the company due to the growing demand of the market, costumers. This product is in its growth stage of product life cycle and earning the company good sales and revenues. It can be seen from the table above that company had high gross sales. Question Mark: The question mark always are uncertain product , a company risks its business by introducing a new product not knowing which course in the BCG will it go. Question arises such as; will it be a dog? Will it be a star? The company is also introducing low fat bar seeing the opportunity of being the best quality in the local market to introduce it. DOG: According to my study for the Cadbury company they dont have a dog product. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE: As from the above figure we can conclude that Cadbury Dairy Milk is now its maturity stage. The product has been launched in the market from more 100 years but still its one of the major company incomes. The taste and packing of the dairy milk havent changed much since it was launched but still it attracts as much consumer as any other chocolate bar. In the first 5 years of its launch (1910-1911) Cadbury Dairy Milk becomes one of most the selling products of the company. PORTERS FIVE: Threats of new Entrant (Low to Moderate) It is a taste oriented business. Capital requirement is high. High R D investment switching cost of suppliers. Consumer Bargain power (Low to Moderate) Switching to anther Product. Due existing competition. Supplier Bargain Power (Low) Large number of Supplier available. Competitive rivalry (High) There are large no. Of companies available in the market. Availability of substitute makes the market even more intense. Competitors differentiating in price. Threats of substitutes (Moderate) Confectionary product cant be stored for a long time. Cadburys substitute are fruits, alcoholic beverages, etc. ACADAMIC REVIEW: The convenience to the new entrants with strategic substitute in the market shown the porters five forces set-up speed (1990). Norgan, S (1994, pp.69) Threats of new Entrant: The threat of new entrants determines the level risk to the company through different scales such as the capital requirements, switching costs, the taste quality benchmark etc. the large capital requirements actually helps the company to create an entry barrier for the new entrants because it requires the company to have a significant source of capital to get started. Apart from the regular expenses a new company would need to spend a large amount of money on advertising and marketing to beat the old runner. Furthermore, switching cost too creates a hurdle to entry for new companies. The expenses and network that must be present to obtain access to distribution channels is an entry barrier for new companies. A new company must acquire distribution channels create a network of buyers, which is time and money intensive. Further, the new companies have to compete for shelf space in stores with the larger players in the industry. To make the situation more tough there are various government regulations that need to be filed before entering the market. Hence it wont be insignificant if we conclude that there is low threat of new entrants to Cadbury because the existence of its feet grounded in the market of chocolates worldwide. Supplier Bargain Power: The bargaining power of suppliers is a vital force that has the strength to almost diminish a firms profitability. The chances of it to increase may be confronted if the product they supply is differentiated or has switching costs. However with Cadbury the main catch that remains is that they are full of a huge number of suppliers spread out in the market. Further the bargaining power of suppliers is decreased because the brand name associated with the company is an important customer of the supplier group and the supplier does not pose a threat of forward integration. Hence the suppliers are at a low risk to pose a threat. Consumer Bargain power: Now what has been noticed through various data available is that the consumer represents a large percentage of the suppliers sales, hence the buyer has more bargaining power over the supplier. As mentioned earlier the backbone of Cadbury remains its taste quotient hence it is expected that the buyer must be willing to accept taste changes in the product, which restricts their bargaining power .A change in the product directly affects the quality and taste of the buyers end. However, the bargaining power of consumers is low to moderate because of the companys differentiated products, the presence of switching costs, the lack of threat of backward integration and the reliance on the industrys product. Threats of substitutes: Flavour and taste being the main ingredient of the company it must still compete with numerous substitute products that can threaten the companys profitability. It constitutes products in the retail arena as well. We are all aware that chocolates are used as gifts during numerous seasons and celebrations including Christmas, Easter, Halloween, Valentines Day, anniversaries and birthdays. Other types of gifts during these seasons are viewed as substitute products. These products are flowers, fruit, and alcohol. All of these products can be purchased instead of chocolates. Many different cooking flavours, a hugely diverse selection of alternate snacks, and a wide variety of seasonal gifts make the threat of substitute products a little high in the company. Competitive rivalry: The competitive rivalry in the market is high because of the numerous brands already getting flourished in the market at the pace of fire. Also the availability of substitutes poses a danger to the level of consumption of the products. Moreover the volatile nature of the consumers taste preference remains as an unending threat along with the cost differentiation. All of these conditions create price wars, advertising battles, new product lines and higher quality of customer service in the market leading to a neck to neck competition. SHELL MATRIX: ACADAMIC REVIEW: Inspiring in a market in a uncertain or growing method is lacking in total grip of an organisation with in the perseverance of funds along with the positive hold of its employees. Assael, H. (1993, 1990, pp. 727) GROWTHING POPULATION. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (26.1%) INDONESIA (19.7%) RUSSIA (11.9%) BRANDNAME QUALITY CAPITAL MARKET ATTRACTIVENESSHigh Low Medium High Medium Low COMPANYS STRENGTH The above marketing tool represents a new opportunity and potential market for the company. From the above table () it can be seen that the company can expand themselves and enter a completely new industry because of the growth rate and potentiality of the market. The companys SBU for the market is their wealth and brand name access as the maximum consumption of Cadbury dairy milk per capita is high in United States of America as per shown in the fig() and the company is situated in United Kingdom and is well recognised and has a good word of mouth. The market attractiveness is the growing population and urbanization, and growing trends in Cadbury confectionery. The company can launch new range of product such as soft toys, bakery products etc to expanding their market. ANSOFF MATRIX: MARKET PENITRATION: Advertisement/sponsorship. Loyalty scheme(dealers). Gift hampers to loyal customers. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: Feedback Adding new flavour to their product range. Adding to the quality MARKET DEVELOPMENT: Manufacturing soft toys. Amusement parks(Cadbury world) Entering into new field to widen its market. DIVERSIFICATION: Coke Pastries Products for Youth-elders group. MARKET PENETRATION: The Company can penetrate its existing market by paying special attention towards its loyal customers like giving priority to their orders from production till the dispatch. The company could also avail reasonable prices to the loyal customer (dealers) and give them credit taking payments in instalment. They could also strengthen their relation by providing after sales services to the existing customer e.g. taking back the delivery if the order is defected and the dealer is not satisfied, returning of money guarantee, etc. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: The company can use these phase of the Ansoff growth matrix for the development of their new product, they could add new products to their range and widen their range of products and thus making it for the customer to buy everything they need under one roof. By adding new products the company can position themselves in the market, they could take feedback from the customers via websites and customer surveys(questionnaire) and try to improve the quality of the product as per the requirement of the customer. The company could use an effective mode of communication to let know the customer about the new product being added and could capitalize by utilising their brand name. The company could have a celebrity suiting to their brand values and qualities (celebrity endorsements have a sky rocket sales), they could market their product on the newest and the biggest market i.e. internet. MARKET DEVELOPMENT: They could develop a new market by using different sales channels. Company could offer discounts on the bulk purchase, use another sales promotion such as could hand out gifts on a certain amount of purchase, gift hampers on special occasion, etc. They could widen their market by entering different manufacturing fields and add up more clientele to their profile. For e.g. they can indulge in the production of cakes, pastries, milk and milk products, ice creams and etc , they can enter new manufacturing fields such as soft toys market as it is a highly attractive market. It is considered to be an good market as Cadbury is known as a brand comparatively to any other confectionery product DIVERSIFICATION: By launching this new production Cadbury is trying to widen its market and enhances its product range. Cadbury is aiming at the youth and older generation by introducing these products in the market. Thus, breaking the barriers and thus trying to create a new brand image i.e. not just for kids but for all. CONCLUSION In order for Cadbury to reach the peak of achievement, the company would have to stress on the global growth of the product. It can be a risk to market it in the region France, but with careful study of the target market segments and its economic position, it can be an attainment. Cadbury should also look into other countries like the Asia Pacific in order to market its products popular globally. But then again, careful considerations to look at its major competitors and to obtain the rules and regulations of a certain country are equally important. RECOMMENDATION: Cadbury should produce diverse products in which chocolate is a desirable product like frozen cakes, toppings, chilled dessert and ice cream. And they can enter this new market with their existing brand name/ value.[Bradely(2008)(pp.309)Cadbury purple regin] Cadbury should re-launch it dog product Cadbury liquor with better promotion, attractive packaging and proper planning. Cadbury should use all form of communication media to promote this product. Cadbury should launch a virtual game and get in alliance with social networking site facebook and launch a game for example; (a Cadbury factory where people can make/customize their Cadbury according to their will). Cadbury should offer the customer a factory visit once/twice in every two months and have a look at how the work is done(hygiene) and creating a good image thus creating a strong customer relation and trust What is property management? What is property management? This essay aims to define Property Management, Facilities Management and Asset management as well as comparing and contrasting the three management sectors. It begins with a description of the three management sectors, and then goes on to differentiate between them. The essay then goes on to draw conclusions based on the comparisons. WHAT IS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT? In order to fully understand the term property management we need to first define the word ‘property and what it refers to exactly. Property may refer to residential, commercial, industrial or special purpose property. Special purpose property as defined by Robert and Floyd (1998) would include property such as retirement homes, hotels, clubs, schools, resorts and so on. Hence the management of these various assets is essentially property management. Robert and Floyd (1998) define property management as the management of real estate on behalf of the owner for compensation. According to their definition, it implies that the person managing the property is not the owner himself and that the owner will essentially compensate the manager for his services rendered. Evans (2007) states that in the past century property management was never seen as a complex sector and was in fact never a complex sector, and that the term property manager was literally just someone who had the responsibility of collecting rent. Evans (2007) states that during the early 1900s the property manager was known as the ‘rent collector and he was feared and disliked by many and during these times, the property managers main role for decades after this was to collect the rent from tenants. It was not until the great depression of the 1930s that events worked to transform the despised rent collector in to the property manager we know today (Evans, 2007). Evans (2007) believes that the harsh economic conditions of the depression put pressure on the property owners and hence, made it harder for them to make mortgage or tax payments on their property/s. Due to the depression banks as well as the local governments were forced to take over the ownership of these properties. Since the banks were unable to sell these properties, due to the scarcity of buyers and lack of cash flow, they were forced to keep these properties. (Evans, 2007) continues to state that the banks, who were too busy to deal with all the re-possessed properties, hired fee managers, to lease these properties in order to generate income rather than leaving these properties vacant. Fee managers later took on larger roles and grew into what we know as the modern property manager (Evans, 2007). There is currently a misconception around the term ‘property management, mainly due to the origin of property management; most individuals see it as a landlord or someone that collects rent and grants leases, however the job entails far more than this. Property management is mainly operational and ensures the following functions are completed: Every space is leased out, Rent is collected, All utilities are paid, Revenue is focused and, It attempts to maintain relationships with clients. A property manager does not only collect rents or manages leases, he/she now requires specialised skills such as, communication skills, technical expertise, and knowledge is essential in order to be a dynamic decision maker therefore it should be seen as a science. Robert and Floyd (1998) see it as a managerial science and believe that it is the fastest growing area of specialisation within the real estate industry. Property management involves the responsibility of managing only the common areas of the building for example, managing a multi tenanted building- i.e. residential apartments, shopping malls. Here the scope of the team is to manage only the common areas such as lobbies, parking, gardens, open spaces, roads and various engineering related assets commonly used like lifts, escalators, fire systems etc. According to Beirne (2006) he believes that even investors do not have a firm grasp on how property management can actually improve the value of the real estate. He states that in many circumstances property management is treated as a ‘necessary evil and that if the business and art of property management is truly merged with the investment it can have a huge effect on the end result. Implying that there needs to be a change in the mind set of particular individuals with regards to property management, and a greater understanding of the sector needs to be established in order to experience the true benefits the sector can bring to an investment. Robert and Floyd (1998) regard the property manager as the individual who attempts to generate the greatest possible net income for the owners of an investment property over that propertys useful life. They continue with stating that in the same way that there are various types of property, so too are there different classifications of property managers. Although the specific management duties and attributes will vary, the main duties and responsibilities remain the same, some would include, planning, negotiating leases, screening tenants, advertising, maintaining the premises, collecting rent, supervising security, keeping accurate records and making periodic reports to the owner or asset manager (Robert and Floyd, 1998). Hence from the extensive length of duties and responsibilities of the property manager one would automatically tell that the property manager that existed 50 years ago, does know longer exist today and that they are essentially very much needed in the industry. WHAT IS FACILITIES MANAGEMENT As with property management, there is a common misunderstanding as to what facilities management actually is. In the old-fashioned sense it is as cleaning, repairs and maintenance, however it is now more established (not fully yet) and hence includes the management of estates, finances, change management, human resource management etc in addition to building and engineering services maintenance. In understanding what facilities management entails, it is important that one looks into the history of Facilities management and how it came about over time. Krumm (2001) suggests that prior to the industrial revolution many organisations had limited space on which to operate and as a result there was no real need for specialist space. However, after the industrial revolution there was a large increase in the demand for space to house highly specialist processes. This led to a greater need to manage real estate more efficiently, and the need for more management staff. Krumm (2001) also outlines that in the past the small scale of production and enterprises meant that the role of ‘Facilities Manager was taken on by the senior management in the organisation. As processes in enterprises became more complex, the role of the facilities manager required more effort, resulting in the job being handed over to other individuals. Krumm (2001) It has also been suggested that the decentra lization of various processes within an enterprise has also led to the greater need for management. This led to the development of facilities management as a profession. (Krumm, 2001). Over time this alias evolved to what we know as a facilities manager today. After having looked at where facilities management originated we can now go on to define it. Barrett and Baldry (2003) define facilities management as â€Å"an integrated approach to operating, maintaining, improving and adapting the buildings and infrastructure of an organisation in order to create an environment that strongly supports the primary objectives of that organisation†. Alexander (2005) also defines facilities management interestingly, its a process by which an organisation ensures its buildings, systems and services support core operations and processes as well as contribute to achieving its strategic objectives in changing conditions. Atkin and Brooks (2005) state that it is imperative to state the importance of integrative, interdependent disciplines whose overall purpose is to support an organisation in the pursuit of its business objectives. They also believe that the proper application of facilities management techniques enables organisations to provide the right environment for conducting their core business on a cost effective and best value basis. (Atkin and Brooks, 2009). [â€Å"TOTAL FACILITIES MANAGEMENT†] In practise, facilities management can cover a wide range of services including the following: Real estate management Financial management Change management Human resource management Health and safety Contract management Building maintenance Domestic services Utilities supplies Atkin and Brooks (2005) Alexander (1996) believes that we need to look at facilities management at four levels: corporate, strategic, tactical and operational. Corporate level: Managers must contribute to service planning, devise policies and undertake scenario planning. In this level a full understanding of corporate culture is highly necessary. Strategic level: Managers carry responsibility for effective business planning of the facilities, services, leadership of the team and development of proposals for developing facilities management. Strategic facilities management is the management of a companys activities in order for the company to achieve its future objectives. It mainly concerns the decisions planning for the future and the development of existing practices. Tactical level: The facilities manager ensures service quality, manages value and implements risk management strategies. He also ensures operational control through auditing and monitoring performance. Operational level: The facilities manager is responsible for the operation and maintenance of buildings and for the delivery of the services. Operational facilities management involves the management of daily activities such as the activities that need to be fulfilled in order for the enterprise to operate on a daily basis. It also involves taking account of and assessing current practices for their application in future projects. Facilities management deals mainly with the management of a whole sum area rather than a part. It deals with the management of the core services of an enterprise, as well as all the services required for the running of the enterprise. Facilities Management is aimed at providing value for money for the enterprise as well as delivering a package which is well balanced and suites the needs of the end user. For example management of an office floor where the whole area and its relevant assets come into the scope. In order to get a better understanding of Facilities Management, let us look at an example of what a facilities manager does. Let us use a shopping centre for example. In this scenario, there are a variety of activities that need to be taken care of to ensure the day to day running of the shopping centre. Such activities will include the running of the security, cleaning, management of tenants, maintenance, lighting, air conditioning, and basically everything that goes on ‘behind the scenes to provide the user with a pleasurable experience. These activities fall under the scope of the Facilities Manager. The scope of the facilities manager extends to the planning of what services to acquire, when to acquire them as well as creating a balance between cost and quality. The facilities manager will also try to create a balance between the services required while trying to stay within his budget. It is also the job of the facilities manager to take note of current practices and use these observations for future planning and implementation. It must be noted that Facilities Management is not limited to the processes described in this example. What is involved in Facilities Management depends upon each enterprise. Facilities management, just as Property management is operational, looking at attributes such as, the systematic expenditure of budgeted resources on capital improvements and planned maintenance. WHAT IS ASSET MANAGEMENT? In defining asset management it is important to first look at the definition of an asset. There are two main types of assets. These are real assets, and incorporeal assets. Real assets refer to tangible property such as a house, car, desk or television while incorporeal assets refer to intangible assets such as shares or an interdict. Asset management is a term that can be interpreted broadly and encompasses both real and incorporeal assets. There is no set definition for asset management. It differs according to the differing aims and scopes of various companies. There are different views as to what asset management entails. According to Woodhouse (2009) the term ‘Asset Management currently has three different principal uses. These are: The financial services sector has long used the phrase to describe the management of a stock or investment portfolio trying to find the best mix of capital security or growth and interest or yields. â€Å"Equipment Maintenance = Asset Management†. Some industrial and infrastructure maintainers (and software vendors) have adopted the term to try to boost the professional standing of the maintenance function. This, however, is a narrow and self limiting view that misses many of the biggest opportunities. Asset care (maintenance) is just one part of asset management. The core business for organisations that is heavily dependent on physical equipment, systems and infrastructure. This encompasses all aspects of investing in the right assets in the first place, exploiting them appropriately, caring for them (maintenance) and ultimately replacing them or disposing of them. This is the meaning defined in the BSI PAS 55:2008 Publically Available Specification for the optimal management of physical assets. (Woohouse, 2009) The three points outlined above are all attempts to define asset management. The first two uses outlined are limited in their scope and are explained briefly below. The third use is a much broader and more modern definition for asset management, and will be discussed more in depth. In terms of the first use outlined above, this refers to the work of financial institutions such as Old Mutual and Investec and involves the management of stocks and bonds. Asset management in this sense incorporates the management, investment and trading of incorporeal assets or ‘financial assets. It can also be referred to as investment management and involves the management of capital investments in order to achieve growth in an investors capital. This is done through investing ones capital in shares or bonds and receiving returns in the form of dividends or interest or through an increase in the value of the shareholders shares. Under this definition of ‘Asset Management can also be described as portfolio management. Portfolio management is the management of a portfolio, with a portfolio being a group of mutual funds, shares, stocks or investments. For example, if you have 25 shares in the construction sector, 15 in the property sector and 10 in the commercial sector, your portfolio would consist of 50 shares. Portfolio management would then be the decisions involved in deciding which shares should be bought, how many of each shares to be bought and ensuring that the portfolio is efficiently managed, taking into account risk as well as other factors which might influence the portfolio. This would fall under the scope of a portfolio manager. It is often perceived that asset management is solely to do with the management of investments or portfolios. However, this is not the case as outlined by the second and third uses identified by Woodhouse. The second use outlined above refers to the maintenance of various assets. This involves managing the asset, from ensuring that the asset is up and running to keeping the asset in good condition. It does not involve the life cycle nor does it plan for changes in technology. It merely refers to the general upkeep of the asset. For example, the maintenance of a vehicle would include servicing of the vehicle, changing the tyres etc. With regards to property, asset management in this sense would include the cleaning, paying of levies and council rates and the upkeep of an apartment. This type of asset management looks at the maintenance of a specific asset or assets. A landlord could be an asset manager in this sense. In the past, the first two types of asset management were more widely accepted definitions. However more recently asset management has grown to encompass a broader range of activities. Woodhouse (2009) outlines that the third use of asset management emerged during the late 1980s when the North Sea oil and gas sectors were shaken up as a result of the decline in oil prices, the Piper Alpha disaster and other factors such as market globalization. It became evident that smaller companies were capable of being more efficient than larger companies due to stricter control over costs and the management of assets. This resulted in bigger companies rethinking their business models. Woodhouse (2009) states that at the same time â€Å"The public utilities and municipalities in Australia and New Zealand, facing a sustained period of degrading services and escalating costs, realised that a different approach was needed to sustainability and value for money† (Woohouse, 2009). In both cases above, various companies and businesses took on a form of asset management which resulted in the reduction of costs and the improvement of services. For example, â€Å"BP and Shell experimented with the creation of a small business culture within the leverage of a large organisation. Asset-centred production units emerged, employing multi disciplined teams with to find the best combination of investments, exploitation and care for each production platform. The results were spectacular, reducing total costs of ownership and raising production nearly tenfold, while simultaneously raising safety and environmental performance† (Woohouse, 2009) As a result, asset management has evolved, and now includes many of the attributes of Property and Facilities Management. This broader range of Asset Management can be defined as: â€Å"A systematic and coordinated activities and practices through which an organisation optimally and sustainably manages its assets and asset systems, their associated performance, risks and expenditures over their lifecycles for the purpose of achieving its organisational strategic plan as defined by the PAS 55 Publicly Available Specification published by the BSI (British Standards Institution)† (Hastings, 2009). This refers to the third use outlined by Woodhouse. It is a more wholesome definition of asset management, putting it under a broader spectrum and incorporating all the uses outlined above. It encompasses portfolio management, maintenance management as well as a variety of other activities. The PAS55 definition of asset management involves the management of â€Å"Financial Assets, Physical assets, Human Assets, Information Assets and Intangible Assets† (Hastings, 2009) and looks at the management of assets from before they acquired, during their lifetime as well as managing the future need for assets. This means that it takes into account technology and labour, as well as the incorporeal assets identified in the first use. It involves the management rather than the maintenance of the asset and aims to protect an interest in a company rather than a particular asset. Hastings (2009) describes asset management in a similar way to Woodhouse. He identifies 5 activities which he claims will lead to successful asset management. These are â€Å"identifying what assets are needed, identifying funding requirements, acquiring assets, providing logistic and maintenance support systems for assets, and disposing or renewing assets† (Hastings, 2009). These factors can be explained by looking at the management of buildings. It can be further simplified by looking at a specific aspect of a building such as air conditioning. Firstly, the appropriate cooling system will be chosen from a range of different products. The decision will be based on various factors such as the quality and cost of the system. The system will then be installed and will be maintained during its life cycle. Near the end of the assets life span, the asset manager will make decisions as to how to replace or upgrade the air conditioning. The whole thought and management system outline d in the example falls under asset management. It must be noted that while maintenance is the key aspect of the second â€Å"Equipment Maintenance = Asset Management† use, it only forms a small part of the third use outlined by Woodhouse (2009). There are a number of generic attributes which when practised well, with the asset manager giving equal attention to each, will result in the efficiency and success of asset management. Woodhouse (2009) outlines 7 key attributes of good practice in asset management. He outlines that the asset management policy must be â€Å"holistic, systematic, systemic, risk based, optimal, sustainable, and integrated† (Woohouse, 2009). This can be explained by looking at a business. In order for asset management to be holistic it must be applied throughout the whole business. It must look at all aspects of the business and not just specific areas. It must also look at ways in which value can be optimized from assets. In terms of being systematic and systemic, the business must well organised and structured while at the same time, looking at the bigger picture rather than individual departmental goals. The asset management strategy of the business should also take risk into consideration when drawing up its plans and plan accordingly. In order for the asset management to be optimal and sustainable it must reach a compromise between the various aspects of the business. For example, it must reach a balance, say between quality and cost. In assessing sustainability it must also take into account the life span of the asset. Finally, with regards to integration, the business must link up all forms of asset management. Fo r example, different departments must work together in managing their assets. COMPARISON BETWEEN ASSET, FACILITIES AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Now that Facilities Management. Property Management, and Asset Management have been defined this paper will go on to compare and contrast the three, looking at the similarities, the differences and where they overlap. To help illustrate the differences three very brief summaries will be outlined regarding the three management methods. These are as follows: Asset management: The management of an asset or assets Facilities management: The management of a wide range of facilities or services Property management: The management of different types of properties Comparison between Property Management and Facilities Management Facilities management is similar to property management in the case that both managers manage the day to day operations of a property/estate. The property manager looks at the day to day operations of the tenants, the building, whether every unit is leased etc. and the facilities manager looks at the day to day operations of the various services within the building/property. With regards to facilities management, it is concerned with effectively and efficiently managing services such as air-conditioning units, drainage, waste, energy and so on. Whereas property management focuses on the management of various types of properties e.g. residential, commercial, industrial and special purpose properties (special purpose property was defined in property management section). For example, in relation to a retail shopping centre, the facilities manager would manage all the services such as the ones stated above i.e. air-conditioning plants, waste management etc. in contrast the property manager will manage the tenants and clients, ensuring all the units are leased out, all tenants are happy, the centre is operating efficiently etc. Looking at the main purpose of either sector of management we can determine that facilities management requires a manager who has a background extensively in hydraulics, electrical, waste management, structures, recycling, being able to read technical drawings etc. An extensive background in the above mentioned subjects is highly necessary in order to manage these systems effectively, for example employing an engineer as a facilities manager would be a viable option. Now if we consider the definition of property management, it is clear to see that an extensive background in the above mentioned subjects is not highly necessary. Instead a background in property or finance is highly necessary in order to manage the property and tenants effectively as possible. The main difference lies in the range of services that are included in the two sectors. Property Management is the management of a property or group of properties on behalf of an owner of that asset and the role is primarily of an operational nature. Whereas facilities Management is the management of all tenant operational services within buildings for an organisation, example ensuring the air-conditioning plant is utilising sufficient energy and is working as effectively and efficiently as possible. The facilities manager and property manager however, usually work closely together in order to make sure a building/estate runs smoothly. Simply put, facilities management deals with the management of the whole area of the property while property management deals with looking after common areas. Another difference between the facilities manager and the property manager is that the scope of work. In relation to facilities management it covers all owned, leased, government and charitable organisational/business structures. And here the contrast comes in because property management is more related to those properties subject to investor or trust ownership, and hence the scope of business is much narrower. Comparison between Asset Management and Facilities Management There is a large overlap between Asset management and facilities management. In many cases it is hard to differentiate between an asset manager and a facilities manager. In many texts they are referred to in the same context. The main point of overlap is that both forms of management have a maintenance aspect. They are also both similar in that they deal with the management throughout the whole period of existence of an enterprise. For example, asset management looks at the management of assets from the planning stages, e.g., planning what assets to purchase, right through to the end the life span, and decisions to replace the asset. Facilities management also looks at the management of services throughout the life span of the enterprise and are continuous processes. Both forms of management occur constantly, throughout the life of the enterprise. They are also similar in that they are constantly undergoing change as a result of changes in technology and user preferences and must be adapted accordingly. Facilities management and asset management go hand in hand, in that they both strive to provide value for money for the enterprise as well as the client. The two management methods are also similar in that they originated and started to grow at around the same time, being the nineteenth and early twentieth centurys. They also originated for similar reasons, the main reason in both cases being the need for greater efficiency and better management. Facilities management also seeks to cost effectively and efficiently maintain various systems and technologies for the benefit of the owner; this brings the financial planning part into the sector, hence making it similar to asset management (maintaining viability). The facilities managers scope of work covers many different types/sectors of properties. It covers all owned, leased, government and charitable organisational/business structures, as with the asset manager as well. The facilities manager maintains viability of the organisation (operational nature- running the day to day services) and the asset manager tests to check whether the organisation is in fact viable. Although there are various similarities between Asset and Facilities Management, there are various clear cut differences between the two. While facilities management is operational and refers to the management of services, asset management looks at management from a more financial point of view, with decisions relating to costs and optimal use of assets. The key difference between the two management methods is that facilities management deals with the management of services while asset management deals with managing an asset. This means that asset management is more specialised and ensures that optimal use is achieved through the life cycle of assets, while facilities management covers a wider variety of aspects from managing not just one asset, but a variety of assets and processes so that they work well together to provide an overall service. For example, with regards to security, asset management will look at selecting the right form of surveillance, and installing and managing t he system and replacing it. On the other hand Facilities management will look at the security system as a whole, form surveillance, to proper selection of uniforms for guards, ensuring the proper conduct of guards, and the general running of the whole security service. In differentiating between the two, there is one aspect that is exclusive to asset management. While asset and facilities management are similar in the second two uses outlined by Woodhouse above, asset management has a financial connotation which does not apply to facilities management. As identified previously in Woodhouses first use, the term asset management can be used to describe the management of portfolios and investments. While facilities management may involve some management of finances, finance is not one of the core features of facilities management. The main difference here lies in the range of services that are either sector comprises. Facilities Management is the management of all tenant operational services within buildings for an organisation. Whereas an Asset manager manages the owners property from a financial point of view and usually sets budgets for the property manager, hence the interest he has in property yields. Comparison between Asset Management and Property Management Asset management and facilities management are similar in that they both focus on planning and implementation, as well as the day to day running of property and assets. They are also similar in that they both operate continuously throughout the life span of a property. They are similar in that their scopes overlap with property and asset managers working hand in hand.